Apples Organisation Learning Essay Example for Free

orchard apple trees Organisation Learning EssayThis paper is the report of the research done on Apple as a learning organization, the purpose of the naming is to understand how you can identify the organization which learns, what their business is, and map out their learning cycle. Other objectives of the researchers are to understand how learning theories are applied in real world and to identify which theory is most suitable for Apples learning style. 1. Introduction This paper discuss about learning organizations, the gaffe subject for this paper is Apple computer. The purpose of this study is to understand the real example of learning organization and to clarify the organizations which are flexible and adaptive from relentless organizations, this clarification help one to understand the advantages and disadvantages of organizational learning. Furthermore while doing this research one will learn how to do company analysis, and make a company profile which is vital for every organizations to have one. Also we will look at how Apple is implementing organizational learning, assess it, and what are other strategies Apple uses to implement and maintain organizational learning.Company profile Background Apple, founded in 1976 by Steven P. Jobs and Steve Wozniak, is the worlds largest technology company in terms of market capitalization, taking the lead from its long-time rival Microsoft in 2010. Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs had been friends in high school, they had both been interested in electronics, and both had been perceived as outsiders. They kept in doctor after graduation, and both ended up dropping out of school and getting jobs working for companies in Silicon Valley, Woz for Hewlett-Packard, and Jobs for Atari.Wozniak had been dabbling in computer-design for some time when, in 1976, he designed what would become the Apple I. Jobs, who had an eye for the future, insisted that he and Wozniak try to sell the machine, and on April 1, 1976, Apple Computer was born. Sculley became the de facto head of Apple in whitethorn 1985. Over the next few months, Apple was forced to lay off a fifth of its work force, some 1,200 employees. The company also posted its initiative quarterly loss. All this

Racial Profiling Essay Example for Free

Racial Profiling EssayIntroductionWhat is racial profiling? The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defines racial profiling as the discriminatory work out by law enforce handst officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individuals race, ethni city, religion or national origin (2005). Do not put over racial profiling with criminal profiling criminal profiling is usually practiced by police in which they use a group of characteristics that atomic number 18 associated with crime to target individuals (ACLU, 2005). Examples of racial profiling include using ones race to target specific drivers for traffic violations and pedestrians for illegal contraband another prime sheath is the targeting of Muslims, Arabs, and southern Asians since 9/11 in regards to minor immigrant violations without any connection to the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon (ACLU, 2005). Without a doubt, racial profiling occurs on a daily basis all over the world however lets focus on racial profiling in the get together articulates and specifically right here in our homeland, cabbage.Background HistoryWhen did racial profiling first begin? Even though racial profiling politic exists today, it is not a recently new phenomenon. Racial profiling can date back to the 1700s when slavery was a common way of life for many a(prenominal) African Americans. Like gratuity-day racial profiling, ones skin color is what has made them subject to discriminatory treatment from law enforcement (Rushing, K., 2013). In South Carolina, white men policed the black slaves on plantations and hunted for escaped slaves this was referred to as slave patrol. Most slaves were not free, and if they were they had to carry freedom papers or a pass to prove that they had permission to be off of the plantation (Rushing, K., 2013). If a black person was found to have run away they were beaten, whipped or even killed as the consequence. Even into the 20th century, afte r slavery, blacks were again forced into another form of involuntary servitude called convict leasing this is where they were leased to work for private companies, whether it be on plantations or railroads and coal mines (Rushing, K., 2013). Regardless of what the 14th amendment states in the Constitution, laws were still broken and applied differently to blacks and whites. This became a major issue when the War on Drugs began in 1982. Reagan wanted to stop drug use and sales with ruthless sentencinglaws they pore on urban black neighborhoods to promote anti-drug efforts. Although the prison population tripled at that place were substantial racial disparities in 2010 the US Bureau of Justice Statistics indicated that black males had an imprisonment rate that was nearly seven times higher than white men (Rushing, K., 2013). And the rate of incarceration among black women was almost three times that of white women a Human Rights Watch study in 2009 showed that blacks are arrested at oftentimes higher rates than whites even though they commit drug offense at comparable rates (Rushing, K., 2013). Racial profiling isnt specifically focused on drug offenses but focuses on any form of crime being committed by any person who isnt of white decent. there are many notorious instances where racial profiling has occurred including bicycling while black and brown in Eastpointe, Michigan, walking while black and brown in New York City, and gang selective informationbase racial profiling in Orange County, California. In Eastpointe, 21 young black youths were stopped by police because they were riding their bicycles through with(predicate) a white suburb. The ACLU joined the suite against Eastpointe, Michigan, to represent the youths. They argued that the bicyclists were stopped in this predominantly white suburb of Detroit because of their race and not because they were doing anything wrong (ACLU, 2005). In 1996 a memo sent to the Eastpointe City Manager had a statement from the former police chief that he instructed his indexrs to investigate any black youths riding through Eastpointe subdivisions. Through extensive searching of police logs, it was found that Eastpointe had over 100 incidents between 1995 and 1998 just like this one (ACLU, 2005). In New York Citys police department report in December 1999, the stop and frisk practices showed to be greatly based on race. In NYC, blacks make up 25.6% of the citys population, Hispanics 23.7% and whites are 43.4% of NYC population. However, according to the report, 50.6% of all persons stopped were black, 33% were Hispanic, and only 12.9% were white. As you can see, more than half of the individuals who were stopped were black, 62.7% to be exact (ACLU, 2013). In Orange County, California Latinos, Asians and African Americans were more than 90% of the 20,221 men and women in the Gang Reporting Evaluation and Tracking System (ACLU, 2013). Clearly this database record shows racial profiling occurred whe n the total population in the database made up less than half of Orange Countys population. This is when the California Advisory Committee of theU.S. Commission on Civil Rights and the ACLU stepped in. One other instance of racial profiling Id like to discuss occurred in Maricopa County, Arizona. A court ruled in May 2013 that sheriff Joe Arpaios routine handling of people of Latino descent amounted to racial and ethnic profiling according to CNN, the sheriffs office had a explanation of targeting vehicles with those having darker skin, examining them more strictly and taking them into custody more often than others (CNN, 2014). Judge Murray Snow ordered a monitor to oversee retraining in this office and to create a community advisory board to prevent further racial profiling retraining and monitoring the sheriffs office will exist the county $21,943,107 over the next year and a half (CNN, 2014). As you can see from the information above, racial profiling is still an issue in pres ent America. In todays policing environment especially, race relations is one of the most important issues and challenges to the point of state legislatures contemplating bans on racial profiling, mandate data collection, require police officer training, make funds available for video cameras in police cars and other measures to help put a stop to racial profiling (Portis, E., 2001).Issues/Problemsa. Why racial profiling is an issueb. What problems have resulted from racial profilingi. Deathc. What problems have occurred because of racial profilingII. Racial Profiling the honora. Past/Present laws on racial profiling in Michigani. House Bill 4927- Racial sensitivity training retrain officers guilty of racial profiling, along with instructing Michigans attorney generals office to investigate stop search patterns (Police Foundation, 2005).b. Past/Present court cases in Michiganc. Public attentioni. Racial profiling costing Arizona $22 million to retrain officers and monitor the r etraining (CNN, 2014). III. Conclusiona. Solutions to racial profilingi. educate police departmentsSourcesAmerican Civil Liberties Union ACLU. (2014). Racial Profiling Definition. Retrieved February 21, 2014 from https//www.aclu.org/racial-justice/racial-profiling-definition CNN US. (2014). Racial profiling costs Arizona county $22 million. Retrieved February 21, 2014 from http//www.cnn.com/2014/01/03/us/racial-profiling-payments/ Portis, Ervin. (2005). Racial Profiling The State of the Law. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from http//www.ethicsinstitute.com/pdf/Racial%20Profiling%20State%20Laws.pdf Rushing, Keith. (2013). Dissecting the Long, Deep, Roots of Racial Profiling in America. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from http//www.huffingtonpost.com/keith- rushing/dissecting-racial-profiling_b_2740246.html

Environment Industry Marketing

Environment Industry MarketingThe address is about the synopsis of the environment of automobile fabrication and the grocery store strategy for hybridisation aim alliance. It initiates with examining of orthogonal environment of automobile fabrication by using PEST compend and Porters five forces analysis. After the internal analyses that center on on the resource visit on brand, products, markets, technology, tribe and son on, the value chain analysis of the play along testament be conduct. Then the generic war-ridden strategies would be discussed through overdress analysis, Ansoff matrix and BCG Matrix in order to identify the general line of credit strategy taken by the carrefour Company. After specifying the company strategy by those analysis tools, the strategic evaluations would be drawn together with the strategy control methods. Finally, a suggested recomm stamp outation for the company future development will be mentioned at the end of the report.I. INTR ODUCTION1.1 Aim of The ReportThis report aim to identify the external environmental of the orbiculate automobile industry, measure and evaluate viable and sustainable marketing strategies using by the interbreeding Motor Company. Through appropriate theoretical concepts and models, together with appropriate methodologies, the organization within its contextual setting will be c atomic number 18fully examined, and justify recommendation will be mentioned. Though the report, how a successful corporation is operated and how its business strategy is implemented and controlled will be understood.1.2 Company Background fording Motor Company is an Ameri batch multinational corporation and one of the worlds largest automaker based on worldwide vehicle sales. It has manufactures and distributes automobiles in two hundred markets across six continents and has about 300,000 employees and 108 plants worldwide1. Ford this instant encompasses some world(prenominal) brands, including Lincoln and Mercury of the US, Jaguar and let down R everyplace of the UK, and Volvo of Sweden and one-third lordly relate in Mazda as intumesce1. Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of political machines under different brands and large-scale management of an industrial workforce and its combination of highly efficient factories and low prices revolutionized manufacturing had make the company successfully create a world leading auto manufacture.1.3 Rational of Company Selection machine industry is a consistant development industry in the global in the 21st century. Ford Company is a world leading automobile manufacture, which has its business all over the world. To analysis the global automobile industry environment and the development strategy for such a world famous company would be a considerablee booster to understand how business strategies ar generated, implementated and controlled and interim to see how would the company do to keep its business perform salubrious when veneering a complicated environment and a twilight market.1.4 Company Vision, Mission and ValueThe companys vision is to become the worlds leading company for automotive products and services. And the companys mission is to become a global, diverse family with a proud heritage, stormily committed to providing outstanding products and services. And together with a company value that do the right thing for our people, our environment and our society, but above all for our customers2. Based on its vision, mission and company value, the Ford Company is endeavor to keep its leading position in the global, and make effort to provide excellent products and services that contented its customers. Approaches that be taken to fulfill it goals and objectives with considering the harmony of business environment and modern society.II.EXTERNAL ANALYSIS2.1Environmental Analysis2.1.1 Industry BackgroundThe world automobile industry has well developed for legion(predicate) decades and stable progress was made during recent years. Now the automotive manufacturing sector produce over 60 million vehicles every year3 and append about 2.45 trillion Euro annual revenues4. There are numerous world famous automakers all round the global, and although the competition in automobile industry becomes more(prenominal) and more fierce, it is still one of the biggest markets in global industry.2.1.2 PEST AnalysisFinlay5 point out that remote environment affect businesses by an indirect office and would cause changes in a companys operation. The automobile industry touches on a wide range of aspects, such as manufacture, supply chain, retailing and so on. As a result, galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) factors such as administration policies, local regulations, and social culture differences would influence this industry. By modeling the remote environment with PEST analysis (see appendix I), factors that would affect the global automobile industry would be exa mined.2.1.2.1 Political and Legal.Competition PolicyAnti-monopoly policies such as the EU competition policy clobber several barriers to competition to make sure firms operate under a certain legal framework6. This policy has force a perfect competition in automobile industry and will absolutely affect auto manufactures marketing strategy to some extend through preventing firms from colluding by price-fixing and as well controlling the size of firms.. Environment LegislationsNowadays, much attention has been devoted to the environmental issues. Organization such as European Environmental Liability Directive has formulated many laws and regulations for environment protection7. Those legislations force manufactures to think over the environmental damage their operations may bring along, so that manufactures extradite to take action to protect the environment.. Automobile Industry Legislations and PoliciesFirst, regulations in many regions constitute introduced different emission l imits for diesel and gasoline vehicles. Since 2005, all automobiles have to reach the Euro 4 emission standard in European countries8. And in America, stricter emission standard is set since 20059.Besides, some governments are encouraging automakers to produce environmental friendly vehicles. For example, UK government had asked automobile manufactures to radiation diagram unseasoned ultra low carbon family car in 200310, which says hindquarters be the step stone of the spick-and-span generation fuel efficiency cars..TaxationWith the imposition of a fuel tax, consumers will have to think more carefully about their purchasing decisions. In the global, many countries has very high fuel tax, such as in the UK, it has took tax higher up to 81.5% of the total price of fuel11. And in Europe, EU has imposed a minimum taxation of 0.287 Euro per liter on gasoline12. As a result of such a high fuel tax, the usage of cars would be reduced to a great extent for many people.2.1.2.2 Economic .Economic development and InflationFor these years, the global economy is growing blind drunk. Predictors say that the average world growth rate of 4.9 percent in the period 2003-2006 will continue at least for the next two years13. In terms of flash, at that place is a survey shows that an increasing global inflation with the annual rate of consumer price inflation in the U.S. went up to 4.2 percent in May,2007 2.2 percent in Great Britain and 2.5 percent in the Euro zone14. As a result of the increasing inflation, people may prefer to spend their money right at a time or else of saving money in the bank and it would encourage people to consume products such as automobiles..Trade Globalisation has removed many barriers to cross-border activities and international trade can create great opportunities for local businesses to expanding their business into new areas overseas to meet a square new set of potential customers15.The ever-closer international business relationship woul d provide the manufacture more price-effective resources and meanwhile provide customers the opportunities of wider choices..Labour Force The unemployment number in the global is increasing every year. It is said that no matter in the developed countries like United States and the United Kingdom or in the developing countries in China, and India, they are generating less employment than it has in the past even though economic growth is bear pop(prenominal)16. So, in many places all around the world, the stronghold of job creation can non catch up with the pace of population growth. This large number of unemployment indicates that many people may have not have steady income to afford a car. .Personal Income and Distribution of WealthDespite a high and growing global average income17, global distribution of wealth, consumption, and opportunity still hang on severely unbalanced. The wealthiest 20 percent of the population consumes 80 percent of the resources18. As a result, people who could afford an swiftness stratum product only work out for a small proportion of the total population and most people only has the average income.2.1.2.3 genial-cultural.DemographicspopulationAlthough recent long-term demographic projections suggest a fast deceleration of global population growth, licence shows that the number of olderly people is growing fast19. As a result, manufactures should consider product that oriented to the elderly. sign of the zodiacSome experts claim that there was a decline in the average size of household in the 21st century20. Due to the increasing number of elder people and the smaller size of household, I think the small car may become the main stream for its practicality. .Private and usual Transportation Though the ordinary transportation may not be the first choice of some people, it is still the topper relievo of personal transportation such as private cars. This is especially true when increasing automobile usage generates some n egative impacts such as congestion, traffic accidents and superfluous vehicle emissions. So some government is tending to shift people away from private transportation to commonplace transportation with the effort that improving the performance21..Environment IssuesEnvironmental problems that touch us all has instanter has drawn the attention of public. People become more awareness about environment issues such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emission. For example, Public are informed by many channels about the impacts of transport can bring, such as the climate change, human health affections and loss of biodiversity 22. As a result, consumers may become more cautious when purchasing cars. Meanwhile it is obviously the usage of environmental friendly products would turn up an increasing veer..Other Social Concerns car placeParking can be a big problem for many drivers. It is always hard to find a place for parking and the price charged for parking is sometimes goes very hi gh 23. As a result, some people would sooner to use public transportation instead of using their private cars. road safetyRoad accident is always a big issue for drivers. Take UK for example, according to the 2005 annual report of UK incision of transportation24, there is a total number of casualties in 2005 were 271,017 with a number of 3,201 people killed and 28,954 injured. The high risk of driving would influence consumers decision on purchasing. public healthRecent years some diseases such as SARS had challenged social stability25. This had effect peoples customs and their behavior to some extend. For example, there is a nipping decrease of public transportation usage rate during the period of SARS in 2003. These public health issues more or less have influenced the global automobile market.2.1.2.4 Technology.New EnergySince increasing attention has paid to environmental issues, researchers are searching actively for new exploitable resources that can instead of petrol and di esel. Bio-fuels are one of the most favorite substitutes at current, which says made from renewable resources such as agricultural crops or waste. They are more environmental friendly and can be refined as conventional petrol that used in todays engines26.An some otherwise substitute is natural gas that is tellingly cleaner compare with other alternatives. Besides, it is claimed that natural gas is not only a cheap energy, but also can well suited to motoring uses27. In addition, Lewin28 believe total heat fuel cell cars that will hit the market in near future and many automakers are planning to launch this kind of product.Besides, solar violence is also a feasible substitute for carmakers. It is claimed that the very first solar power deal for reviving car batteries had made by a Canadian manufacturer of solar panels with the VW29..Computer Aided Design ProgramWernle and Bolduc30 point out that vehicles propose in the new century must be distinctive and tempt so that it would win a ideal market share. It is always a hard and time consuming process for car designer to design a car that not only combine with great comfort and safety performance, but also has unique style. Now, with the help of some computer programs such as Alias it would save much time for automakers to get cars to market quicker by reducing the number of clay models and prototypes30.. GPS and Car Navigation SystemIt is report that Garmin Ltd., the largest GPS device maker in the world had sold around 5 million units in 2006 for personal navigation equipment31. Nowadays, GPS becomes more and more important to car drivers in every day life. With the help of GPS system information associated by odometers, gyroscopes32, a car navigation systems can get drivers wherever they want to go. tuition is transmitted by autonomous navigation systems without the participation of an external server by the use of a two-way communication betwixt navigation refer and the onboard vehicle sensors. The s ystem can calculate the optimal route automatically and then give necessary guides and some programmes even can provide users with additional information such as hotels and shopping malls showing on its digital maps. As GPS and car navigation system has widely accepted by many people, it will become an important factor when people making their consideration.2.2 The Structural Analysis of IndustriesCompetition between firms is crucial to modern economies33. In competitive environment, there is a set of external influences which is able to affect organisations action34. Organisations have to fully understand that environment in order to make effort to create competitive advantage so that to achieve success. In the following(a) part, Porters five-forces (see appendix II) approach will be used to examining the competitive environment.2.2.1 The Threat of EntryJohnson34 suggest that the barriers to entryway determine the threat of entry. If the barriers are high then the threat of entry would be relatively low35.The entrance barriers in global car industry can be proposed as following. Economies of ScaleSince the ever falling car price36, in order to reduce cost, many carmakers keep increasing their output volume. For example, Toyota Motor Manufacturing had increased from 220,000 to 285,000 on Toyota Corolla and Avensis models in UK 2004 annual labor capacity and Mazdas domestic production capacity has increased by 14 percent in the homogeneous year37. Thus, new entrants who want to come in this industry have to come in with either at a large scale and risk strong reaction from existing companies or they have to come in at a small scale and accept a cost disadvantage35.. Production distinctionFor carmakers, it is always hard to create distinctive products, as the basic techniques of car manufacturing are no longer a secret for few manufactures. Now the focus is gradually turning to safety38, style, comfort and new technology for example a computer control panel such as providing the driver with telematics, GPS39 because of the quality open up among the different manufacture become narrower. As a result, it would obviously more time consuming and would spend more money for those carmakers to design a new model that is different from the competitors..Capital requirement of EntryTo entry the automotive industry requires not only advanced technological but also enormous capital40. It be a stack on designing a new model, production, distribution and so on. And the larger the scale the company has the more capital would be spent. So entrants who want to come into this industry should first make sure if they have enough money.. Cost Disadvantages Independent of ScalePorter35 state that established companies may have cost advantages such as proprietary product technology, favorable locations, favorable access to raw materials. Many famous carmakers have already established their cost advantages. Take the example of Ford, it spend around 450 mi llion on automotive research and development in Britain to keep advanced technology every year. As a result, it is difficult for a competitor who does not have cost advantages to break into the industry.To sum up, the entry barriers in world automobile industry is relative high, so it is not an easy work for new entrants to come in to this field.2.2.2 Bargaining Power of SuppliersSuppliers may have strong power over the industry if the industry is dominated by few suppliers or the switching costs is high to change one from another 34.When considering the components segment of automobile industry, it is now facing a globalization trend. Rivals not only exist in the domestic market, but also rise from abroad, which representation that the components segment is full of competition and the bargain power of suppliers would be reduced.Beside, car companies are now seeking component makers and original equipment manufacturers in some developing countries such as India, China and further East in order to save money41. Honda, which used to source major(ip) part of its components from UK suppliers, for example, is now reducing its UK vendor base. As a result, this worldwide sourcing trend has become a threat that limited the power of suppliers.In addition, in auto industry there is a trend of allying with other manufacturers to share design and development costs recently. It is said that vehicle manufactures are working together much closer with their partners and try to develop vehicle platforms jointly. Most of large car manufacturers like Ford, GM, and Volkswagen have cut down their number of platforms42 and some models will use the same platform in order to reduce cost. Manufacturers can not only reduce their manufacturing cost to some extend by this way, but also would become more powerful when bargaining with components suppliers because increasing volumes of components may need. And meanwhile it may help manufacturers reduce raw material costs.In a word, the b argaining power of suppliers in global automobile industry is low. It is an opportunity for many car manufacturers that provide a chance of planning their purchasing strategy better and more profitable.2.2.3 Bargaining Power of BuyersAccording to Porters35 theory, buyers have the power of forcing down prices, bargaining for higher quality and more service, and playing competitors against each other. In the following part, the bargaining power of buyer in global industry will be discussed from several different aspects..Products DifferentiationAs in global car market the product differentiation is not very obvious collect to the auto manufacture acknowledge is no longer a secret. There are lots of carmakers in this market, and the basic functions of their products are almost the same and the only differences would be the design and some other additional functions. So customers can always find alternative supplier who offers a cheaper price, gives the most satisfied product, and prov ides the best customer service.. Importance of PurchasingIf the product is very important for the buyers, the bargaining power of buyers may relative high35. In automobile market, the importance of purchasing seems rather low. Statistic shows that in developed countries, the average ownership of cars is quite high, take Britain as an example, statistic shows that 3 in 4 households have access to a car and over half (52%) of all rural households had two or more cars in 200543. So in those countries to purchasing a new car may not be so necessary for most of the families. . Information SearchingIf buyers have full information about product, demand, market price, their bargaining power would be greater than those with less information35. We are now entranceway a great new era of information. People can seek product information through conglomerate methods, such as friends, sales assistant and different medias. And it is said that individuals especially those who are highly involved wi th the purchase of a product are sentiment to be more active on information searching44. Todays mass media, no matter the newspapers, magazines, radio, or television, all contain a large amount of information. Besides, the entering of Internet era has simplified the process of information searching process to a great extend. All these factors mentioned above have provided consumers with more information.What it comes down to me is that in automobile industry, the car manufacturers marketing strategy would be effected by the relative high customer bargaining power.2.2.4 Pressure From Substitute ProductsSubstitutes play a limitation role in industry35, it provide the same function as the product of the industry to restrains industry making profit. There are several means would be the substitute products of automobile.. Public TransportationPublic transportation would come first to most of people when thinking about the substitute of private cars. much and more people are willing to give up cars and use public transportation especially when the service of public transportation is better.Besides, since there are increasing number of SOHO workers, many people choose to work at home by Internet. So they do not need a car to drive to work, thus the significance of owning a car is decreased.. Car renting and Car SharingToday, the ever-rising petrol price becomes another factor that forces many people reduce the usage rate of their cars. Many people choose to rent a car for travel or share one car between friends instead of driving alone. As a result, demand of purchasing a car would be decreased and there is increasing demand for car lease especially now some rental firms have provided more complete and customerizedservices45.To summarize, public transportation, car renting and car sharing could be some of the substitute methods of owning private cars. All of these means have pressed threaten on the world auto industry. 2.2.5 Intensity of Rivalry Among Existing Com petitionsPorter35 point out that contender occurs for the reason that one or more competitors feels pressure or sees the opportunity to improve position. In global automobile industry, rivalry among the competitors is very strong and the major competitors are closely balanced so that the rivalry is increasing intense. Besides old rivals such as General Motors, Ford, Volkswagen, those Japanese carmaker like Toyota and Honda now are gaining stronger power in this industry. Because there is little differentiation among the products, when deciding purchasing, one rival is always compared to another constantly in price, quality, durability, and many other aspects. As a result, in order to gain market share in the automobile industry, company should provide better product as well as better service so that it could take the market share from their competitors.2.3 Strategic Group AnalysisTo identify strategic groups which has similar strategic characteristics, following similar strategies or competing on similar bases can help to understand the most direct competitors and of any given organization and also can help identify potential opportunities and threats34.Strategic groups in automobile industry can be identified according to the products class and status such as those upper class manufactures such as BMW, Mercedes Benz, and up medium, medium and lower medium manufactures such as Honda, Ford and other market segment such as racing car and so on. In different regions, each groups power are vary. It is essential to Ford Company to identify different situation in different places all over the world, so that the business strategy can be chosen properly.III. INTERNAL ANALYSIS3.1 Resource AuditResource audit is useful in understanding strategic capability according to Johnson34. To identify the availability of resource that can be used is important for a business. In the following, the resource of Ford Company would be examined. 3.1.1 BrandThe Ford Motor Company contr ols the many car marques wouldwide, such as Jaguar, , Land Rover, Lincoln, Mazda, and Volvo1.Through acquisition, Ford Company got control of some famous brands such as Land Rover, Jaguar and Volvo. Based on the customer knowledge and trust of those upper class brands, the sales of other segments and brands of Ford car had been promoted46. By building the image of Combining solid refined design and the best new technologies available2, the company becomes a powerful rival in the market, and the brand has widely accepted by many people. 3.1.2 Products and MarketFord has numerous locations where Ford vehicles are developed, manufactured, sold or distributed47. These plant and office locations work to provide a basis of the companys leading position in car market for many years, which take responsibility in manufacturing vehicles and power products, technological developing, purchasing and distribution its products all around the world. Although with high cost-effective Ford models suc h as Transit, Fiesta and Focus that have become the best seller for many years82, there would be a problem of shrinking of market and declining in profitability recent years.3.1.3 Finance According to Ford Company 2006 annual report48, although the company is at loss during the year for the unsatisfied performance in North American market, the situation in Europe market is still profitable with the sales of vehicles that generated the major income and cash of the companys automotive sectors revenue. In addition, the interest on finance receivables generated the primary income of the companys financial services sectors revenue. Based on its vehicles and financial service sales, the company has the ability to support some technology development or have some further investment such as diesel engineering49.3.1.4 TechnologyFord invests heavily in new technology. In Britain only, it spends around 450 million on automotive research and development annually. In Dunton skilful Centre, it ha s the largest automotive design and engineering facility in the UK and one of the most advanced facilities of its kind in Europe47. The emphasis on technology enables the company have a solid basis of product development. As a result, competitive advantage through new technique, programmes such as digital in-vehicle system called synchronize created with Microsoft50 that is turning out this summer is a good example. 3.1.5 PeopleIn order to equip its employees with stronger capability, Ford offers well equipped learning resource centers and development programmes for all employees. These human resource management actions has not only trained sufficient qualified employees for the company, but also provided a base for producing conversations of companys strategic change51. On the other hand, recent bad performance forced Ford Company to shear its employees. It is said that a downsized Ford would shed up to 30,000 jobs and 14 factories by 2012 in order to be more innovative86.3.2 Val ue Chain AnalysisValue chain (see appendix III) analysis has been widely adopted as a way of understanding the relationship between strategic capability and organisations resources.As to Ford Company, in its very early years, the company has controlled the entire value chain52, now it endeavors to integrate its multi-tiered value chain which include chief elements such as real-time quality feedback from the market to tier, inventory reduction, transaction reduction, collaborative visual design studios, rapid customer feedback, accelerated time to market53. Through those actions, the resource utilization is enhanced so there would be less resource is wasted during the production and transaction. Besides, the cost efficiency has increased by building the economies of scale, reducing supply cost and effective communications between suppliers and buyers. In addition, a carefully plan marketing mix and a better service would promote effectiveness, such as the efforts that the Ford Compa ny put on CarsDirect and online selling54.IV. GENERIC COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES4.1 SWOT Analysis4.1.1 Strengthens Companys Large ScaleFord Company is one of the largest automotive manufacturers in the world. It manufactures and distributes automobiles in 200 markets across six continents1. The large size has brought the company economies of scale as well as name recognition and customer trust. Product DiversityThrough acquisition, Ford Company now has owned many world famous brands include Ford, Jaguar, Land Rover, Lincoln, Mazda, Mercury and Volvo1. The companys products has penetrated into every segments of auto industry and each brands has its own strengthens in different segment, such as Land Rover is famous of its 4X4 vehicle and Lincoln is a well know luxury car. Profitable Financial Services DivisionThe financial services division, Ford Motor Credit, plays a key role in keeping the company afloat. Even the automotive division are reported at loss48, there is evidence that the fi nancial services still remain profit. As a result, the revenue made by financial services division would be a great help when its automotive sector is not performing well.Strategic AllianceBy cooperating with some strategic alliance, the company can benefit a lot from the advantages of their partners. Ford has announced to start offering Sony-branded audio systems in Ford and Mercury automobiles55 and Microsoft software will be used for the Ford Sync radios56. Besides, Ford Company also support racing teams such as NASCAR57

Waste management in India Essay

Waste solicitude in India EssayINTRODUCTIONIndia is the game most be country a second fastest growing economy in the world. From the period of 2001-2026 the cosmos of India is to change magnitude from 1030 million to 1400 million, if we consider the increase rate to be 1.2 % annually then in that location will be an increase of 36% in 2026.accordingly round 285 million live in urban aras and somewhat 742 million live in rude lands. (Census of India, 2001).In India urbanisation is becoming more because people argon moving from villages to cities and thither is a rapid increase in race in the metropolitan cities .Mumbai is the largest populated city followed by New Delhi and Kolkata.Generally, the greater the economic prosperity and the higher the percentage of urban population, the greater is the measuring of unwavering yen produced (Hoornweg and Laura, 1999). In Hoornweg and Laura, 1999 1996 about 114,576 tonnes/ twenty-four hour period of municipal solidity gas wa s generated by the urban population of India, by the end of 2026 it is predicted to increase to 440,460tonnes/day This great increase in the total of MSW generated is due to changing lifestyle and living standards urban population(Hoornweg and Laura, 1999).STUDY AREADelhi is a very densely populated area and is the capital of India. Since Delhi is an urbanised city the annual growth rate is increasing very rapidly in the last decade the growth rate has increased by 3.85%. Delhi is the capital of India this consecrates us that it is the centre for commerce trade and power, since it is one of the largest cities and the capital it produces excellent job opportunities, which account for its rapid increase in its population and increased pace of urbanization. ascribable to the fast urbanisation and the growing population the production of municipal solid extravagance is also increasing very rapidly. According to a survey Delhi generates about 7000 tonnes/day of municipal solid dotty and this municipal waste is to ride about 17000-25000 tonnes/day by the year 2026.due to the rapid increase in the population and municipal solid waste the disposal of the waste has become a great head ache for the municipality in Delhi. Out of the waste gathered barely 70-80% of municipal solid waste is gathered while the remaining is dumped onto streets or open ditches. Out of the 70-805 collected provided 9% of the collected municipal solid waste is treated by composting the remaining is sent to the land fill sites. New Delhi municipal Corporation (NDMC), The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB) are three municipal entities responsible for MSW management in Delhi. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008).IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES, TYPES AND COMPOSITION OF MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE IN DELHISources and types of solid waste in DelhiResidential-the entrance hall might be single family or multiple family d intumesceers the types of waste they produce are pap er, food wastes , cardboard , leather, yard wastes, textiles, glass, special wastes, metals, plastics , ashes, wood and household raving mad wastes.Industrial industries produce ashes, food wastes, packaging, special wastes, housekeeping wastes, construction and demolition materials and hazardous wastes.Commercial Institutional they produce wood, metals, cardboard, glass, special wastes, Paper, food wastes, hazardous wastes.Municipal services landscape and tree trimmings, Street sweepings, general wastes from beaches, parks, and other recreational areas, sludge. (Hoornweg, Daniel with Laura Thomas. 1999)Composition of wasteThe population of Delhi is 13.9 million, and they produce 7000 tonnes/day of municipal solid waste at the rate of 0.500 kg/capital/day and accordingly the population as well as the MSW in increasing by 2026 the municipal solid waste generated will increase to 17,000-25,000 tonnes/day. Because of the increase in the MSW the municipal body will face a lot of pr oblem after composting and incineration they would still fuddle to deal with a lot of waste and this waste would generally go to landfill sites.The characterisation of the waste by its type, composition and source is important this will elucidate monitoring and management of solid waste easy. Based on this we derriere use incompatible types of mouldes to chuck out the solid waste. The following information will tell about the generation of MSW from heterogeneous sources is Delhi in the year 2004.Source wise generation of the MSW (tonnes/day) in DelhiSourcesMSW(Tonnes/day)Residential waste3010Industrial waste502Hospital waste107Main shopping centres1017Construction waste382Vege knock back and fruit markets538Source MCD, 2004)The Tata Energy Research Institute conducted a study in 2002 in Delhi to see the physical and chemical composition of municipal solid waste. This study in 2002 tells us that the composition of MSW is not changed that much from the past decade. According to the study the major part of the MSW consists of biodegradables fallowed by other wastes.Physical composition (as wt. %) of MSW Chemical composition (as wt. %) of MSWParameters2002Biodegradable38.6Inert34.7Glass and Crockery1.0Paper5.6Non-biodegradable13.9Plastic6.0Parameters2002Moisture43.8 morning star as P2O50.3Organic carbon20.5nitrogen0.9C/N ratio24.1Calorific nourish (kCal/kg)713.0Source TERI, 2002)The composition of MSW of an urban population depends on various factors like place location, climate, commercial activities, population, cultural activities, economic status if the residence and urban structure .Before we do anything we strike to know the composition of the MSW so we can determine the best suited operations and equipment for the facilities that dispose of the MSW. at that place was a survey conducted by Municipal Corporation of Delhi to evaluate the composition and properties of MSW. This study refer the different places in Delhi where MSW was produces. The following table tells the details of the studyComposition (as wt. %) of MSW generating from various sources in DelhiParametersFood wasteRecyclablesInertOthersMoistureAsh substanceC/N ratioLower CV (kcal/kg)Higher CVResidential waste1.low income group58.415.722.83.15421.839754-22262238-48442. Middle income group76.621.20.51.7656.330732-19393415-63073.High income group71.923.10.34.75910.9311300-18874503-53594. JJ Clusters (Slums)69.414.115.80.76315.646204-15481582-4912Vegetable markets97.22.30.5763.3160-13093083-4442Institutional areas59.733.842.5506.735129-37782642-5459Streets28.41256.13.51956.7511007-20411188-3289Commercial areas15.66816.4188.81581815-45933373-6185Landfills73.79.210.86.34715.338191-44952042-5315Source - (MCD, 2004)RELEVANT REGULATIONS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAThe major policies and legislative frameworks for the municipal solid waste management in Delhi areMunicipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 according to this policy ther e is a set process for the collection, sorting, storage, transportation and disposal of the MSW.The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and Amendment Rules, 2003- bio-medical waste should be treated according to the standards of schedule v.The Delhi plastic bag (Manufacture, Sales and Usage) And Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act, 2000 according to this plastic bags should be recycled and non-degradable plastic bags should not be dumped in public drains.Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Amendment Rules, 2000 and 2003-there are limitations for the import and export of hazardous wastes and there should be proper handling and management of hazardous waste. (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000)MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGENENT IN DELHIPrimary collection and storage of MSW in DelhiAccording to the Delhi municipal corporation act 1957 the owners, tenants or the person who is occupying the residence, commercial or industrial area is re sponsible for the disposal of the MSW at a particular area provided by the municipal corporation. But this dominion was changed in 2000 which stated that the collection of MSW would be from house to house because of this rule the municipality cooperation faced a lot of problem due to the rise in population as well as residential houses so doth the systems are cosmos applied to collect MSW. The municipal cooperation of Delhi is getting awareness programs to divine service the citizens understand the need of segregating the municipal solid waste by placing ii separate bins one for recycling materials and the other non-recycling materials. By doing this the municipality is reducing the work load and they can dispose of the material in an easy way without any fuss. The municipal authority has a schedule for the collection of the waste example a particular area will have a particular day for the collection of MSW.The Delhi municipal authority provides a primary storage facilities lik e dustbins, metal containers that have different capacities ranging from 1m3 ,4m3,10m3 to 12-15 tonnes these containers are placed in locations that are easily accusable to people. The size of the containers that are place at a primary storage location depends on the amount of MSW being produced by the area and the population of the area. These metal containers and bins are emptied with the help of modern hydraulic collection trucks. In Delhi on an average there are 3-4 collection sites. The MCD has employed about 50,000 people for primary storage collection, 2600 for secondary storage collection and about 370 people foe sweeping the streets. (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000) emigrationThe MCD has many vehicles for the collection of primary and secondary storage waste. The MSD in its fleet contains refuse removal trucks, tractors and loaders they have about 100 vehicles to do the job. What these vehicles do is they collect the waste and take them to the landfill sites.Recy cling and re-useRecycling and re-use of MSW is done in a widespread manner where waste pickers are employed as well as there are self employed waste pickers who collect the waste and sell them. How the system works is that these waste pickers and waste collectors gather waste from the residential areas, commercial areas, streets and landfill sites and they sell them to the dealers these dealers range from small, medium and large dealers. After the dealers purchase the materials they are sent to the recycling specify that is established by the government. The following table tells us at what rate the materials are sold (Ankit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004)Prices of recyclable materials at different recycling levelsRecyclable materialRecyclable material Price at smallrecyclable dealer (Rs.)Price at mediumrecyclable dealer (Rs.)Price at largerecyclable dealer (Rs.)Value added in theProcess (%)PlasticPET bottles1.752.25-2.503.75-4121Milk packets5.5-6.56-78-8.5037.5Hard plastic like sh ampoo bottles, caps7-7.25910-10.541Plastic thread, fibres, ropes, chair cane6-78-8.501067Plastic cups and glasses7-810-1213-1480PaperWhite paper3-3.253.75-45-676Mix shredded paper2-2.252.25-2.503-3.2547Cartons and brown packing Papers2.252.50333Fresh newspaper3-3.503.25-3.754.50-4.7542Tetra pack1.75-22-2.252.75-353GlassBroken glass0.500.90-190Bottles22.25-2.5019AluminiumBeer and cold revel cans40-4543-4875-8588Deodorant, scent cans42-4555-6090-95113Aluminium foil20-2225-2730-3248Other metalsSteel utensils20-2225-273043Copper wire70-7580-8595-10035Source Ankit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004)CompostingComing to composting only 9% of the total MSW is composted the remaining 91% is sent to landfill sites. There are three places set up by the Delhi municipal authority for composting MSW where as two plants are set up at Okhala and the other one is set up at Bhalswa .These plant has a treatment capacity of 150 tonnes/day but they are not utilised to the fullest because of the cost. The treatment capacity of the plant at Bhalswa is 500 tonnes/day. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008)IncinerationThe municipal cooperation of Delhi also tried incarnation they built an incineration plant with the help of a foreign company. But this was shut down immediately because the MSW did not have enough calorific value the minimum calorific value is between 1200-1400 kcal/kg. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008).Final disposal of MSWOf the total amount of MSW collected 91% is sent to landfill. These landfill sites are located at the outskirts of the city. The land fill sites are the close available low line area or waste lands. The transfer of the MSW to these sites is by the vehicles that the Delhi municipality has. These landfill sites are chosen based only on availability and not on any other reason. These landfill sites are poorly maintained which arises a problem of health and safety as well as environmental concerns. There is another big issue because of the poor maintenance o f the landfill sites there is a lot of leachate that is being produced mostly in the rainy season due to which the land water as well as the river next to the landfill sites is getting contaminated. At these landfill sites with the help of bulldozers the MSW is levelled and compressed. The MSW is compressed to a layer of 2-5m and a covering is provided. At the binging there were 20 landfill sites that were created by the Delhi municipality out of which 15 are exhausted already. At present there are 3 landfill sites that are being operated one is at Gazipur it was started in 1984 , the other landfill site is located at Bhalswa it was started in 1993 ,the last operating land fill site is located in Okhala it was started in 1994. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008).wellness AND SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKSHealth and safety and environmental risks are a major concern in the MSW management in Delhi. The workers as well as the waste pickers are not provided with proper health and safety equipment like boots and gloves. The working conditions are unhygienic .the chance of transfer of infection is high and because of this if a worker gets sick he loses his wages. The workers are also not provided with medical insurance. The environmental risk is also high because the landfill sites are not maintained in good order and the leachate gets leaked into the underground water as well as the river Yamuna .these issues should be looked into very carefully.IMPROVEMENTWe can improve these poor conditions by privatisation. We can let the closed-door sectors help in the disposal of MSW. The Delhi municipal authorities can open the incineration plant and dispose the waste. They can also involve the local communities as well as the NGOs to help in the disposal of waste. The municipal authorities should identify a proper treatment technology. The authorities should increase standards of reuse and recycling of waste mainly composting.CONCLUSIONWith the rapid increase in population and fast urbanisation of Delhi the current policies and regulations want be sufficient for controlling the rapid increase in the MSW. Due to this the health and safety as well as the environmental risks are increasing .The municipal authorities of Delhi cannot keep up with the MSW that is being produced now but according to a prediction the MSW by 2026 is going to increase 4 folds if this happens the municipal authorities will be facing a lot of problem. Even the Delhi government has realised this and they are making changes in the form of master plans. The government is also approaching the public and closed-door sectors for help like the citizens and the NGOs. First of all people should be educated on proper disposal of MSW. The government should see to that the master plans are being in good order followed at all levels. Only by doing this the Delhi municipal authorities can keep the MSW in control.ReferencingAnkit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004. Municipal solid waste recycling and associated markets in Delhi, India. Resources, preservation and RecyclingCensus of India,.2001 . Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (GoI). Online.available http//www.censusindia.netHoornweg, Daniel with Laura Thomas. 1999. Working Paper Series Nr. 1. Urban Development Sector Unit. East Asia and Pacific Region. Page 5. Online http//web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/sectors/solid-waste-sources.html.Hoornweg, D., Laura, T., 1999. What a waste solid management in Asia. Working Paper Series No. 1. Urban Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, the World Bank, Washington, DCMCD, 2004. feasibility study and master plan report for optimal solid waste treatment and disposal for the entire state of Delhi based on public and private partnership solution, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi, India.Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000.the gazette of India. Online. Available http//envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/mswmhr.htmlTERI, 2002.Performance Measurements of Pilot Cities, Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi, India.Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008. State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India, Waste ManagementVolume 28, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1276-1287waste management essay in 150 words

Portrayal Of Lucy Westenra And Mina Murray English Literature Essay

Portrayal Of Lucy Westenra And Mina Murray English Literature EssayDracula, the 1897 novel by Bram Stoker, is a tale composed against a abideground of social concerns and anxieties of blue(a) England in a rapidly changing world. One of the most important upheavals in this time of turmoil concerned feminism and the role of wo manpower in Victorian society, with the terrifying spectre of the New Wo world solidifying rapidly into a real number threat. In Victorian England, sex roles were distinct, with women being evaluate to confine themselves to the domestic realm and become the Angel in the House, responsible for setting a honorable example for her children and being of complete service to her husband.In examining how the fe staminate characters Lucy Westenra and Mina Murray/Harker are dealt with in Dracula, a greater insight will be gained into the stage of transformation undertaken by the women from a Victorian charwoman to a New Woman in the face of Draculas seductive p ower.Lucy Westenra is initi all toldy envisioned as innocent, beautiful, and virtuousnot at all the sexual suspect or foreigner that would seem to indicate a susceptibility to vampirism. Despite this behavior of her character, however, the behaviour of Lucy, even before she succumbed to vampirism, would possess been questionable to a Victorian audience.Most notably, she takes a sort of gloating pleasure in having been proposed to three propagation in one day (Stoker 86). Even more disturbing to a Victorian reader, Lucy muses, Why cant they let a girl bind three men, or as many as pauperism her? (Stoker 90). Although she immediately dismisses the psyche as blasphemy, the reader gets the sense that she was serious. This reluctance to confine herself to one man is not her only sign of questionable sexuality.Lucy sleepwalks, a habit traditionally associated with sexual looseness in Victorian England (Spencer 210). Despite Lucys seeming virtue, in that respect are indications tha t her sexuality is on the verge of asserting its appetites throughout the early portions of the novel. This blooming sexuality is what makes her susceptible to vampiric attack.As Lucy succumbs to Draculas advances, she comes to resemble the lamia women encountered by Harker. Her sexuality becomes more blatant as her vampirism progresses. When she is dying, she speaks to Arthur in a soft, voluptuous voice, a phrase which recalls the voluptuousness of the three fe phallic vampires in palace Dracula (Stoker 237). Her initiation into the vampire group becomes complete when Van Helsing notes that the two bite marks on her neck have completely disappeared (Stoker 235).Later, Stoker describes vampiric Lucy as moving with a voluptuous grace and having a wanton smile (Stoker 310). She has become the aggressive female through contact with Dracula. Lucy is now fully endue with masculine appetites and, want the fanged women Harker encountered, she is acting as a dominant presence over males . She has become monstrous and unnatural, which is in keeping with the Victorian idea of the sexualization of woman as deformation (Craft 120). This unnaturalness is also emphatically underscored by her rejection of the mother role typically associated with women during this time period. Instead of nursing the child clutched strenuously to her breast, she feeds from it, easy killing it (Stoker 310).Dracula is to blame for Lucys metamorphosis into a monstrosity, for he is the ultimate social adulterer, whose purpose is nothing if it is not to turn good Englishwomen ilk Lucyaway from their own kind and customs (Stevenson 140).However horrifying Lucys transformation might have been to a Victorian audience, Mina Harkers aborted metamorphosis would have been even more horrible. As Van Helsing says, she is one of Gods women, fashioned by His own hand (Stoker 277). Mina seems to fit the ideal of the Victorian Woman, as a virtuous, devout, almost asexual individual. While she sometimes ac ts as the quiet organiser of the men, she is generally meek and servile to their wishes, for example, she learns typing and short-hand with the main former of being of use to her future husband Jonathan.Stoker never reveals anything detailed about Minas physical appearance, and she seems to be an object of adulation alternatively than desire. Mina acts as more of a mother figure to Jonathan, nursing him through his illness. The motherly-wife and nurtured husband were considered the ideal spouses in Victorian England (Spencer 216). Mina is quite literally the Angel in the House, or the ideal Woman embodied.Yet even the ideal demonstrates vulnerability when forced into an overtly sexual situation. Mina, through no disruption of her own, becomes subject to Draculas advances, yet seems to take some enjoyment in them despite her horror. During her last encounter with the Count, as he drank from her neck, she admitted that she did not want to hinder him (Stoker 425). This desire for th e Count would have been damnable to a Victorian audience, who saw sexual desire rather than sexual activity asthe true stem of danger (Spencer 217).Although Mina never makes the full transformation into the aggressive, sexualized female vampire, there are aspects of her character that bend gender expectations a bit. Specifically, Dr. Van Helsing remarks upon her level of news show numerous times as being abnormal for a young woman. When Mina tells Van Helsing that she can inform him all about what happened to Lucy, he remarks, Ah, whence you have a good memory for facts, for details? It is not always so with young ladies (Stoker 269). He also repeatedly calls her, you so clever woman (Stoker 269). If a learned man such as Van Helsing compliments Minas intelligence, then it might be safe to assume that men did not expected to encounter a woman with such common sense during the Victorian era. As Van Helsing puts it, Mina has a mans intelligencea brain that a man should have were h e much gifted (Stoker 345).To a certain extent, Mina is becoming a modern woman by demonstrating her intelligence and therefore somewhat defying the gender stereotype of women being inferior to men. However, she doesnt pose any really threat to the dominant male as she uses her intelligence to help others on a divine mission rather than furthering her own interests, a Victorian audience could perhaps accept this everting of gender roles.Like Lucy, Mina become contaminated by Dracula and slowly becomes deracinated, growing more like a vampire and less like an Englishwoman. However, before her transformation is complete, Dracula is killed and Mina is re-assimilated into English society with little difficulty, providing a happy ending for the Victorian audience.Both Lucy and Mina are introduced in the novel as embodiments of the Victorian woman ideal, a role of purity and femininity. However, when the women begin to transform into vampires, they are seen to take on traditional male rol es, which doubtlessly horrified the Victorian reader.However, neither of these two women are allowed any agency even through their infidelities, they play the passive role, Lucy asleep while blood is handle from each man into her, and Minas seduction described in terms of forcing a kittens nose into a saucer of take out to compel it to drink. It is Dracula, the monstrous, foreign creature that is blamed for the corruption of Lucy and Mina. The role of the Victorian man is clear here, as the vampire hunters act out what they sense of smell is their duty to rescue their women from the clutches of Dracula and vampirism and return them to holiness. They return their women to their rightful place and re-establish proper roles, by a violent staking Lucy. This metaphorical rape, repeated by Van Helsing with the three Transylvanian vampires, re-establishes normative models of both gender and history, imposing male reason on female sexuality, with the women grateful and passive toward th eir brave male deliverer.In Carmilla, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu takes the tradition male power role and gives it to the women, while Stoker, in Dracula, repossesses the female body for pleasure and exchange and puts the power back in the hands of men. In Carmilla we meet a woman who bears angelic features in her outward appearance only. At first, she seems to be the ideal companion for Laura fulfilling all Victorian claims. The homosocial bond between women served patriarchy to keep women whom they treated rather as objects than as individual beings with a will of their own out of the supposed male business. As the idea of the new woman with their social, political, and sexual freedom was feared in society, Carmilla is feared by Lauras father as soon as he notices her dangerous potential. The role of the female vampire identifies and challenges gender roles of women in the Victorian age, as well as symbolise New Women. Carmilla, goes even further in its defiance of the male/female heterosexual norm by featuring a lesbian relationship between its two main characters, only made maybe through the vampirism and supernatural nature of the story. It is through Carmilla and Lauras homosexual relationship that they are able to gain freedom from male dominance and a time-worn society. Besides marriage, becoming a vampire is one of the only ways that female sexuality is licensed in the Victorian era.While Bram Stokers Dracula has laid the foundations for the horror genre of film and literature, it also provides some interesting social commentary about Victorian England. In particular, the female characters and their relationships to the issues of sexuality, gender roles, and nationality are very revealing about the anxieties of the times.In their full and partial transformation into vampires, Lucy and Mina lose their feminine passivity and innocence and are expected to become like the highly sexualised and immoral succubi trio. They go from being sweet and pure Victo rian women (female victims) to being languorously voluptuous and carnal and unspiritual New Women (female vampires). This is precisely the perceived danger represented by the New Woman. However, because Mina is never fully transformed and manages to be restored to her role as a Victorian woman, it can be concluded that Lucy better represents the New Woman archetype as she completes the transition to vampire and in doing so gains sexual and social freedom from the constraints on women in Victorian society.

Censorship In Radio Essay -- essays research papers

Censorship in radio For the past several years Freedom of speech in the States has had its meaning changed many times. Although the changes have gone un noniced by most Ameri give the gates, In the radio business they are felt day in and day out. radio personalities, programmers, and owners have to deal with this everyday but they too have no real idea what the Federal Communications Commissions idea of free speech is. You see the rule seems to change depending on who you are. If you are tagged by the FCC anything the broadcaster does or puts is monitored and picked over and fined.( Howard stern. King Of wholly Media.165-166 ) The FCC has been picking on Howard Stern for years, they singled Howard for doing trash radio. But according to Stern other programs are saying or doing the same if not worsened things than he is. Stern tells of when Geraldo said (Stern Miss America. 526-530.) in a show about the Mennendez brothers being molested for doing something wrong. Hell, Im not for child molestation, but if I knew anal sex . . . punishment, Id keep my room clean. Geraldo goes untouched. but Howard got fined for saying lesbians filled with lust. (Howard Stern. Miss America.519). That seems a bit more tame to me but since Stern is tagged he gets fined. The First Amendment states. congress shall collect no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech. This rule, over the years has changed to congress shall make . . . as interpreted by the FCC (king of all. 165) this makes no sense the word freedom, according to Websters Dictionary means the state of being free from constraints, possession of policy-making and civil rights, unrestricted access or use yet, the FCC is in charge of what can and cant be said over the airwaves. The FCC is the god of the beam industry, they do not have to answer to anybody they have all the power to do whatever they want. The basic rule for a deejay is that he/she may not use the seven dirty words, all know them and understand they can not use them, But what nobody knows is, what else cant a deejay say over the air. The rules are not documented. Most stations go by their own policy, And if their policy is wrong and something goes over the air that isnt supposed to they can get pulled ( off the air) or fined. Martin Espada is a person who got pulled from the air and his poem censored. ( all things censored. 20-22 ) Espada says, he wr... ...finity finally just got tired of this and paying off the fines and were talking millions said Stern. (miss America.519.). There are ways to stop all the censorship in radio but it most likely wont ever be stopped completely. There are groups and political parties there to help the cause such as the ( Libertarian party ) Libertarian Party, and Freedom For Speech. But neither is very stiff so I propose some easy solutions. The Supreme Court must look over the First amendment remember what it stands for and limit the power of the FCC this judicature has way too much power. There is checks and balance in all other government except for the FCC the Supreme Court should particularize up another(prenominal) origination to balance the power, like congress they would have to vote majority rules on every censorship issue and all other regulations that are set and regulations to be set. This way there would be no overwhelming power to decide what can tell them to do. But the easiest thing that can possibly be done the most simple solution that any one with arms can do is. See that dial on your radio? romp it. it really is that simple if you dont like what you are hearing turn it off. Word Count 1352

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love and The Nymph’s Reply to the Essay

The Passionate guard to His Love and The nymphs Reply to the Shepherd A comparison The Passionate Shepherd to His Love was written by ChristopherMarlowe. The poem describes a shepherds plea to someone he loves prodding them to give out with him.Marlowe uses imagery to describe the scenery around the shepherd andhis love. The shepherd tries to convince her how happy they lead be,surrounded by mountain yields and groves in stanza one.Marlowe does not only use imagery in his poem but he also describesthe aromaAnd a thousand fragrant posies.He creates a static atmosphere by describing the harmonious sound inthe second and third stanzas.Melodious birds sing madrigals.In the third stanza the shepherd tells his love that he will give heranything she wants if she lives with him. The shepherd names beautifulclothes in an attempt to persuade her,Fair lined slippers for the c elder,With buckles of the purest gold.In the fourth stanza the shepherd believes that he has succeeded inconvincin g his love to live with him. He describes what he believes tobe a vision of their future, pulling wool from pretty lambs togetherconveying a horse sense of unity.The beginning of stanza five is realistic as the shepherd offers togive his love a belt of straw and ivy buds. However towards the endof the stanza he says that he will give her coral clasps and amberstuds which is completely unrealistic as he is a shepherd who wouldnot be able to afford such gifts. In the shepherds desperation, heresorts to materialism as he believes this is the only way his lovewill be returned.The second poem The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd written by SirWalter Ralegh is the reply t... ...s beautiful scenery and clothes as a method ofpersuasion, whilst The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd tries toexpress a sense of realism to the shepherd informing him that thingsdo change like spring to autumn and youth to old age.In my opinion The Passionate Shepherd to His Love does deserve areply. After reading the p oem the reader assumes that his love willgo and live with him as he offers her everything she may want. It isquite unpredictable that she would refuse this offer and so the replygives the story a conclusion. Even though the reader feels empathy forthe shepherd as he is prepared to do anything for the nymph, weappreciate the nymphs point of view that nothing will stay the sameforever.Although the poems are both(prenominal) structurally similar, they expresscontrasting sentiments, a contrast which I feel makes these poems asuccess.