The Insanity Defense Free Essays

Norval Morris and Stephen Morse offer two differentiating sees regarding the authenticity of the craziness guard in criminal cases. Morris advocates diminishing the heaviness of the craziness barrier from one of extraordinary exception to one of â€Å"diminished responsibility†. Morse offers a resistance of the craziness safeguard as it right now stands. We will compose a custom paper test on The Insanity Defense or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The point on which the issue turns is decision. Do the intellectually sick have the ability to comprehend the law and to purposefully break it? Or on the other hand does dysfunctional behavior block the chance of obligation regarding one’s actions?Morris contends that opportunity of decision exists on a continuum, and that to treat the intellectually sick in high contrast terms concerning duty is indiscretion. He proceeds to contend that other alleviating conditions, for example, financial status, appear to have a more prominent causal connect to criminal conduct. He reasons that psychological instability ought to be a moderating situation that can be utilized in decreased condemning, as opposed to an exceptional exclusion from the law. Morse contends utilizing the fundamental good standards called upon to legitimize the madness protection, to be specific an absence of intellectual limit, which blocks the chance of responsibility.While Morris mentions some great criticisms reg arding the craziness barrier, I am still increasingly slanted to concur with Morse. I concur that in certain conditions, let’s state a patient with a mind-set issue, it bodes well to regard the intellectually sick as having lessened duty. In any case, to state opportunity of decision exists just on some continuum and that nobody is ever totally untrustworthy for their activities appears to me to deny such cases as somebody encountering a fugue state or complete crazy break. A complaint that could be raised (and which Morris raises) to my perspective is one of procedure.Cases in which a criminal demonstration was carried out by somebody who was not in any manner answerable for their activities are uncommon, and making the way for madness as an exceptional safeguard definitely brings about other criminal wrongdoers going unpunished by claiming to psychological maladjustment. While this is a genuine protest that has the right to be tended to, it should be treated as an issue of use as opposed to one of guideline. Regardless, I would very much want to live under a legitimate framework in which a few crooks go free than one in which a few people who come up short on the subjective ability to carry out a wrongdoing are rebu ffed as though they did. The most effective method to refer to The Insanity Defense, Papers

Computation and Computational Social Science †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Computation and Computational Social Science. Answer: Presentation An emotional well-being evaluation permits the specialist to see the total image of a patients perspective. The correct appraisal of psychological well-being is important to recognize the current difficulties and give fundamental treatment to the patient. Treatment at the correct time is pivotal; delay in treatment can aggravate the patients mental state. This appraisal should be possible by the essential consideration specialist, therapist, social laborer, or clinician. All the moral, legitimate and Christian contemplations must be considered while leading the evaluation (Bowker, 2014). The essential goal of emotional wellness registration is to recognize mental misery, comprehend the reasons for mental difficulties, and study its effect on the general psychological well-being. According to Brown, a specific emotional wellness situation has been taken to recognize and break down the qualities, shortcoming, openings, and dangers in the customers life, and distinguish bolster strategies that can assist her with dealing with her condition (Brown, 2013). Eventually a guiding methodology has been highlighted to assist Nancy with getting over her emotional well-being challenge. In the specific case, Nancy has had mental issues since adolescence. She was consistently an apprehensive kid who showed restless conduct and frightful mentality. Her folks were likewise anxious people who were not treated for their psychological perspective. According to examines, mental turmoil shares some regular hereditary hazard factors. Nancy has expressed that her maternal grandparent had a past filled with gloom. Her impossible to miss propensities, for example, uneasiness related with crabbiness, sleep deprivation strain, and weakness, trouble in controlling her feelings about her budgetary circumstance, employer stability, and her kids' wellbeing, and significant burdensome scenes show that she requires earnest and viable emotional wellness treatment that can assist her with minimizing her nervousness level (Card, 2015). Moral, Legal and Policy concerns Nancys case isn't remarkable in the present occasions. Truth be told, in countless family units, there will be individuals who need assistance to fortify their psychological wellness condition. By and large, poor psychological well-being is related with social disgrace. There is nothing amiss with the condition except for the issue lies with the mentality of individuals (Cioffi-Revilla, 2017). The job of the human services experts is essential while treating the patients experiencing emotional well-being difficulties. If there should arise an occurrence of Nancy, a recuperation situated methodology must be followed so she can feel enabled from inside and can assume responsibility for her emotional wellness condition. A comprehensive model should be received so the total picture of her condition can be evaluated and its seriousness can be comprehended. A sound arrangement sponsored model would guarantee that her secrecy of the state of mind is kept up all through the treatment procedure. She would be treated in a protected and secure condition with the goal that her degree of nervousness could be controlled (Kuper, 2013). Her privileges and obligations must be dealt with while treating her so she won't feel defenseless. So as to give her best quality treatment, her relatives would be associated with the procedure so they could furnish her with important enthusiastic help and sponsorship. SWOT Analysis of Nancys life The total ID of qualities, shortcoming, opportunity, and danger of Nancys life is pivotal to offer the most ideal treatment. So as to this examination, the social insurance proficient necessities to think about every key part of her life. The qualities in Nancys life incorporate a glad and positive youth childhood, support from spouse, stable money related employment, and in general positive wellbeing condition. A portion of the fundamental shortcoming that adversy affects Nancy incorporate the family ancestry of mental difficulties, consistent dread about trivial things, significant sorrow scenes, absence of power over dread identifying with employer stability, her childrens wellbeing, and her folks wellbeing (Lynd, 2015). The open doors that Nancy has in the present situation incorporates the nearness of family including guardians, spouse and children that can give her enthusiastic help, the ability to exceed expectations in work, and accessibility of capable human services experts , and so on. The dangers that Nancy faces that could make the recuperation procedure a difficult way are poor power over inward dread, significant stretches of sadness stages, utilization of the substance like maryjane, liquor, and so on, and propensity for smoking. This SWOT examination essentially features the wide scope of significant variables that impact Nancys current emotional wellness model. A portion of the components that have been featured appear to be very inconsequential however they assume a key job to impact the state of mind of the patient (MacIntyre Korbut, 2013). The correct assessment of the considerable number of elements is essential with the goal that the best and all around created treatment plan in type of guiding and drug can be offered to Nancy. Treatment Model Nancys mental states appear to be amazingly delicate. Her dreadful disposition towards everything can be comprehended subsequent to directing the SWOT investigation on her life. The treatment plan that should be embraced to assist Nancy with battling against the dread requires support from different gatherings including Nancy, social insurance experts, advising group, Nancys family, chiefly her significant other, and companions (Packenham, 2015). All the significant moral, lawful and Christian perspective contemplations should be kept set up with the goal that the protection parts of the case would not be uncovered to the general population. A one-on-one directing would need to be masterminded in an inviting and agreeable condition, for example, her home or social insurance office. This guide would be a woman ideally with the goal that Nancy could open up rapidly and talk about her idle concerns and fears identifying with her own and expert life. Mulling over the dreadful idea of Nancy, a solitary instructor would be appointed to her with the goal that she could be agreeable. Despite the fact that the customer situation could be quite trying for the guide, all her advising consideration would be on Nancy so all angles identifying with her state of mind could be seen all the while (Ritchie, et al., 2013). So as to successfully manage Nancys state of mind identifying with dread and nervousness, the methodology received by the advisor is crucial. The straightforward, positive, and cordial disposition on some portion of the allocated proficient; would directly affect Nancys mental state. The competency and by and large disposition of the expert would be important to handle with testing customers like Nancy. The case is trying because of the fragile emotional wellness state of Nancy (Rosenberg, 2015). In the underlying stage, a free affiliation procedure would be embraced with the goal that Nancy would be openly ready to converse with the specialist about anything under the sun. The basic target of the advising meeting is treat and mend Nancy simultaneously. When Nancy would have the option to open up, they could examine the subjects that really trouble her with the goal that a sane methodology could be utilized to reason things. In this manner the psychodynamic hypothesis would assume a huge job in the directing meeting (Scheff, Phillips Kincaid, 2015). This escalated model would make an endeavor to change or alter Nancys profoundly imbued fears. The job of the advisor or the instructor would be imperative to achieve a positive change n Nancy and her emotional wellness state. Alongside the planned directing methodology, some other scope of key extra administrations would be prepared, for example, online emergency organize, connecting models, online treatment meeting, emergency support hotlines, and so on. These help models could be utilized if there should be an occurrence of critical circumstances (Sovacool, 2014). Since the psychological test is a sensitive condition, such administrations could support Nancy and her family to manage her emotional well-being challenge scene. These optional administrations would permit Nancy to impart her interests and fears to the specialist, or advisor with the goal that she could feel loose and less restless. Essential contemplations simultaneously While giving the necessary treatment to Nancy, the focal point of the human services experts would be on the moral and lawful viewpoints. Consideration would be given to this angle so as to guarantee that the accepted procedures are embraced to assist Nancy with conquering her emotional well-being challenge (MacIntyre Korbut, 2013). The refreshed models and treatment strategies would be received with the goal that the customer would be agreeable to share her interests. Likewise, the set strategies and rules would be followed to guarantee that Nancys condition would not be uncovered to outsiders. Nancys family would assume a significant job in this social insurance situation. Her significant other would be urged to give her his whole help. His assurance and passionate help would rearrange the change procedure for Nancy. The medicinal services experts would attempt to offer her most extreme mental and passionate help to adapt to her inner difficulties. End The psychological wellness and prosperity of an individual are significant since it has an immediate bearing on the general wellbeing parts of a person. After the psychological appraisal is led, able and viable treatment models should be presented by the social insurance experts. The techniques must be planned remembering the particular emotional wellness challenge of the patient. The reception of successful apparatuses and approaches can assist patients with dealing with their condition. The job of the concerned human services proficient is significant. Be that as it may, the help and collaboration from relatives are required by the patient to conquer the test. In Nancys case, a comprehensive methodology would assist with evaluating her state of mind. The utilization of important methodology and hypothesis is crucial to amplify the adequacy of the treatment procedure. All the moral and lawful aspec

The Skin Theyre In Writing About Second Life and Race, 2008 Richmond Writing

The Skin Theyre In Writing About Second Life and Race, 2008 Richmond Writing Location: Student WikiIn 2006, when I began reading about  Second Life, a random Google search turned up The Skin Youre In, the tale of Erika Thereians time as a black woman instead of a blond.   She received lots of harsh treatment, including racial slurs, and was even snubbed by friends.To see if things have changed in nearly three years, my writing students recently spent a week as another race or gender (in some cases, both).   Here are a few standout posts, with links to the students project pages in the class wiki.   One tentative claim stands out from several students projects: newness to SL and the degree of customization, more than any racial or ethnic characteristic, get an avatar accepted or snubbed.For  Rae Belgar, switching race to a tall, dark-skinned woman led to little attention of any sort, Once she clad the same avatar in a sari, however, compliments and attention came her way. Rae feels that her newness of and lack of customization, rather than any racial trait, le d others to ignore or notice her. Other students experience supported Raes hypothesis.When  Deklin Windlow  became a black man, he did not receive negative attention, though in many cases he got no attention at all in places where his white male avatar had been noticed.   At the Public Orientation Island a group of older avatars, including some hero in a Batman costume, simply walked away when Deklin asked for assistance.What  VinceGold Rexen  found as a black man resembled Deklins experience, yet VinceGold finally was able to crack the wall of silence at both the Ahern Welcome Area and a store that sells avatar shapes and skins.   A group of experienced residents provided this advice, after learning about the race-switch project:They told me many stories of how at first they were ignored by other residents or had even outright insulting things said to them, but that I should not take these isolated incidents to be representative of everyone in SL. They actually encouraged me to mee t as many other avatars as I could and to not be judgmental of anyone I meet.I caution writers from jumping to conclusions, preferring that they crawl to them after many observations.   We need to continue this experiment, especially since Kiaarra Karillion, whose avatar is normally a black female, found that with my African-American avatar, I rarely was offered packages (or much advice) from people on Second Life.   During my completion of this project, I was offered packages [of freebies] from every direction!So while no one had racial slurs hurled at their avatars, Kiaarra and more than a few of her classmates felt like Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man.Several students noted the dearth of ethnic skins, especially for men.   Im pleased that Linden Lab included a black man as their default Professional Male avatar.   Perhaps Barack Obamas charisma may change real-world standards of whats considered attractive. My students will be back in SL in coming semesters, to see if Obamas victory changes hearts and minds online.

Virginia State University GPA, SAT Scores ACT Scores

A Brief Note On Forensic Criminology And Criminal Forensic...

Introduction There are six major sub-specialties in forensic psychology: criminal, juvenile, civil, investigative, correctional, and police forensic psychology. Professionals working under each of them have unique roles, educational qualifications, responsibilities, ethical challenges, and controversial issues to confront. Similarly, there are various studies and seminal cases that have shaped the sub-specialties in different ways. In most cases, they reflect changes in the criminal justice system in terms of admissibility of expert evidence. The aim of this paper is to investigate each of these sub-specialties Criminal Forensic psychology professionals in criminal forensic psychology have a number of roles and responsibilities worth explaining in detail. To begin with, they must be advanced-degree holders with postdoctoral training and licensing to operate in this field of specialization. They work primarily within the criminal justice system, although they may also be self-employed. In the former case, they may work as staff in FBI units or as prison staff. One of the seminal court cases that greatly influenced the practice of criminal forensic psychology was State vs. Driver 1921. This case marked the very first time that a criminal forensic psychologist was testifying as an expert witness. Although the evidence presented was rejected by the court, the message had already been sent regarding the applicability of psychological principles in the courtroom in regards toShow MoreRelatedPerformance of the Criminology Graduates in Relation to Board Examination : Itss Relation to Enhancement Program9492 Words   |  38 Pagesspecifically in the tertiary level. One of such education is Criminology, a highly intellectual field, especially because the majority of the job’s responsibilities rely on determining and analyzing criminal patterns. According to Agas (2008), criminology focused on the study of crime, the causes of crime, the meaning of crime in terms of law, and community reaction to crime. It also deals with the scientific study of criminals and criminal behavior. Criminologists attempt to build theories that explainRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagesto describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure; demography studies changes in a population size or type; criminology examines criminal behavior and deviance; political sociology studies government and laws; and the sociology of race and sociology of gender examine societys racial and gender cleavages. New sociological sub-fields continue to appear - such as economicRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesNeedles, Marian Powers (SM+TB) A Guide to Modern Econometrics, 4th Edition_Marno Verbeek (SM) A History of Modern Psychology, 10th Edition _ Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz ( IM+TB) A Microscale Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques, 5th Edition _Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, Gary M. Lampman, Randall G. Engel (IM) A People and a Nation A History of the United States, Brief Edition, Volume I, 9th Edition_Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, David W. Blight, Howard P. Chudacoff, A PeopleRead MoreEbooks Solution Manuals and Test Banks for Text Books19223 Words   |  77 PagesUnited States, Brief Edition, Volume I, 9th Edition by Norton, Sheriff Instructor’s Manual A People and a Nation A History of the United States, Brief Edition, Volume I, 9th Edition by Norton, Sheriff Test Bank A Transition to Advanced Mathematics by Douglas Maurice Eggen 5 Solution Manual ABC’s of Relationship Selling through Service by Charles M. Futrell 11 Instructor’s Manual ABC’s of Relationship Selling through Service by Charles M. Futrell 11 Test Bank Abnormal Psychology by Susan NolenHoeksemaRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagespublished sources. Most examples and exercises in the book are of this nature; they cover a very wide range of disciplines and subject areas. These include, but are not limited to, health and ï ¬ tness, consumer research, psychology and aging, environmental research, law and criminal justice, and entertainment. A Focus on Interpretation and Communication Most chapters include a section titled â€Å"Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses.† These sections include advice on how

Culture Shock Free Essays

Hadi Islais, SALP 501AB (21044/21045) Developmental Composition. 4/11/13 What is culture shock? Some people would say it is only just a few new things you may find in another countries that is not that hard to get used to it, but I don’t think so because culture shock is a huge things and that is why it is been called shock and you have to learn how to live with in the new place that you going to be live at. There are many new things that person should know before moving to another culture such as the new language, the country’s rules, and the new weather. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture Shock or any similar topic only for you Order Now Learning the new language of the new country consider one of the important things to do to communicate with the people. First of all, you should know about the new language that you are going to use in the new culture. It is too hard to live in a community without knowing how to talk with the people because in this way you will not be able to move from your place to wherever you want you to go. Also you are going to waste a lot of time trying to explain to the people the things you are trying to say and you will be using the sign language until you be able to learn the new language. Knowing the rules of the new country you are going to live in will always help you to be in the safe side and never have a problems. First of all, you have to learn about the driving rules if you are planning to drive a car or any other vehicles. Some country like the US they are very serious about it and consider it an important thing to learn all the rules and take both the writing and the driving test. On the other hand, other countries like Saudi Arabia doesn’t really care that much about driving rules and that is why it is one of the countries that have a high records of cars accidents every day. Second, you have to know the school’s rules if you are planning to study in a new countries. Some countries like the US consider attending all the classes a very important rule and student should not miss any class unless the student have an emergence reason for example like a medical appointment. In the end, knowing all the rules about the country you are going to will always keep you in the safe side. Knowing about the weather is an important thing to know, so you don’t get sick because of the weather changing between you previous and new culture. First of all, many countries may have too many different change in the weather. For example the weather in Los Angeles, Ca is beautiful most of the time. It is not that hot in the summer, also not the cold in the winter. Weather doesn’t really change a lot like in other countries. In the summer the weather is very nice, so the people can spend their holidays or the weekends on the beach and enjoying their time with their family or their friend. The can swim, play with sand, or lie on the beach. In The winter, they can go camping. Many people like to do it in the winter. These are some of the things that make the weather different than other countries like Middle East countries. In conclusion, moving from your culture to another culture is a difficult thing and you should know as much as you can about the new culture you are moving to. You have to learn their language so, you will be able to communicate with the people in there. Also you should know the rules about this country, so you don’t get in trouble. Finally you have to know about the weather in this new place and cooperate with the other weather in your country. How to cite Culture Shock, Papers

Culture Shock Free Essays

Hadi Islais, SALP 501AB (21044/21045) Developmental Composition. 4/11/13 What is culture shock? Some people would say it is only just a few new things you may find in another countries that is not that hard to get used to it, but I don’t think so because culture shock is a huge things and that is why it is been called shock and you have to learn how to live with in the new place that you going to be live at. There are many new things that person should know before moving to another culture such as the new language, the country’s rules, and the new weather. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture Shock or any similar topic only for you Order Now Learning the new language of the new country consider one of the important things to do to communicate with the people. First of all, you should know about the new language that you are going to use in the new culture. It is too hard to live in a community without knowing how to talk with the people because in this way you will not be able to move from your place to wherever you want you to go. Also you are going to waste a lot of time trying to explain to the people the things you are trying to say and you will be using the sign language until you be able to learn the new language. Knowing the rules of the new country you are going to live in will always help you to be in the safe side and never have a problems. First of all, you have to learn about the driving rules if you are planning to drive a car or any other vehicles. Some country like the US they are very serious about it and consider it an important thing to learn all the rules and take both the writing and the driving test. On the other hand, other countries like Saudi Arabia doesn’t really care that much about driving rules and that is why it is one of the countries that have a high records of cars accidents every day. Second, you have to know the school’s rules if you are planning to study in a new countries. Some countries like the US consider attending all the classes a very important rule and student should not miss any class unless the student have an emergence reason for example like a medical appointment. In the end, knowing all the rules about the country you are going to will always keep you in the safe side. Knowing about the weather is an important thing to know, so you don’t get sick because of the weather changing between you previous and new culture. First of all, many countries may have too many different change in the weather. For example the weather in Los Angeles, Ca is beautiful most of the time. It is not that hot in the summer, also not the cold in the winter. Weather doesn’t really change a lot like in other countries. In the summer the weather is very nice, so the people can spend their holidays or the weekends on the beach and enjoying their time with their family or their friend. The can swim, play with sand, or lie on the beach. In The winter, they can go camping. Many people like to do it in the winter. These are some of the things that make the weather different than other countries like Middle East countries. In conclusion, moving from your culture to another culture is a difficult thing and you should know as much as you can about the new culture you are moving to. You have to learn their language so, you will be able to communicate with the people in there. Also you should know the rules about this country, so you don’t get in trouble. Finally you have to know about the weather in this new place and cooperate with the other weather in your country. How to cite Culture Shock, Papers

Hypertension Research Paper free essay sample

Arterial blood pressure (ABP) = cardiac output (CO) X total peripheral resistance Hypertension : sustained elevation of the systemic ABP gt; 139 mmHg systolic gt; 89 mmHg diastolic. Therefore : so long as CO is constant is relatively constant ; a change in the ABP is mainly due to a change in the peripheral resistance. Grades of hypertension. Hypertension grade 3 (severe) |gt; 180 |gt; 110 | |Isolated systolic hypertension |gt; 140 |lt; 90 | Types of hypertension 1- Primary (Essential) hypertension (about 95 %) : unknown cause Heredity : interaction of genetic , environmental and demographic factors Excess sodium intake : about 20% of patients develop hypertension : salt sensitive hypertensives. Sedentary lifestyle is responsible for the exploding increase of HTN in economically developing regions ‘Westernization’ e. obesity, and alcohol intake. Cigarette smoking Increased sympathetic activity : is thought by some scientist to a be cause ; but this finding was not proved. 2- Secondary hypertension (about 5 %) : due to a- Renal causes c- Drug-induced HTN : Yatrogenic 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Hypertension Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chronic renal disease 1. Non- steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs 2. Renal artery stenosis 2. Contraceptive pills 3. Glucocorticoids b- Endocrinal causes d- Coarctation of aorta 1. 1ry hyperaldosteronism 2. Cushing’s syndrome 3. Pheochromocytoma Pathophysiology of primary hypertension : in most people there is increased resistance to blood flow (total peripheral resistance) accounting for the high pressure while cardiac output remains normal. Increased peripheral resistance in established hypertension is due to : 1. Structural narrowing of small arteries and arterioles ( increased active vasoconstriction may play a role in essential hypertension). a- Rise of plasma sodium leads to activation of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger which in turn leads to increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ of the vascular smooth muscles and its resting tonic contraction. AND/OR b-Endothelial dysfunction . c-Vascular inflammation (sub-endothelial deposition of lipids). 2. A reduction in the number and/or density of capillaries. 3. Stiffness of large conduit vessels (aorta arteries) ; is responsible for â€Å"isolated systolic hypertension† and increased pulse pressure in elderly persons. A decrease in venous compliance, increases the venous return, which in its turn increases the cardiac preload and, ultimately, causes diastolic dysfunction. Suspect hypertension in the future : There is evidence that some younger people with pre-hypertension hyperkinetic borderline hypertension develop the typical features of established essential hypertension in later life as their cardiac output falls and peripheral resistance rises with age.

Advent of a National Hero free essay sample

Dr. Jose Rizal is a unique example of a many-splendored genius who became the greatest hero of a nation. Endowed by God with versatile gifts, he truly ranked with the worlds geniuses. He was a physician(opthalmic surgeon), poet, dramatist, essayist, novelist, historian, architect, painter, sculptor, educator, linguist, musician, naturalist, ethnologist, surveyor, engineer, farmer, businessman, economist, geographer, cartographer, bibliophile, philologist, grammarian, folklorist, philosopher, translator, inventor, magician, humorist, satirist, polemicist, sportsman, traveler, and prophet. Above and beyond all these he was a hero and political martyr who consecrated his life for the redemption of his oppressed people. No wonder, he is now acclaimed as the national hero of the Philippines. II. Summary The Birth of a Hero Jose Rizal was born on the moonlit night of Wednesday, June 19, 1861, in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna Province, Philippines. His mother almost died during the delivery because of his big head. He was baptized in the Catholic church of his town on June 22, aged three days old, by the parish priest, Father Rufino Collantes, who was a Batangueno. We will write a custom essay sample on Advent of a National Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His godfather was Father Pedro Casanas, native of Calamba and close friend of Rizal family. His name Jose was chosen by his mother who was devotee of the Christian saint San Jose (St. Joseph). Rizals Parents Jose Rizal was the seventh of the eleven children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso Realonda. The heros father, Francisco (1818-1898) was born in Binan, Laguna, on May 11, 1818. He studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila. In early manhood, following his parents death, he moved to Calamba and became tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda. He was a hardy and independent-minded man, who talked less and worked more, and was strong in body and valiant in spirit. He died in Manila on January 5, 1898, at the age of 80. In his students memoirs, Rizal affectionately called him a model of fathers. Dona Teodora(1826-1911), the heros mother, was born in Manila on November 8, 1826 and was educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known college for girls in the city. She was a remarkable woman, possessing refined culture, literary talent, business ability, and the fortitude of Spartan Woman. Dona Teodora died in Manila on August 16, 1911, at the age of 85. The Rizal Children God blessed the marriage of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso Realonda with eleven children two boys and nine girls. These children were as follows: 1. Saturnina(1850-1913) oldest of the Rizal children, nicknamed: Neneng; she married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas. 2. Paciano(1851-1930) older brother and confident of Jose Rizal; after his younger brothers execution, he joined the Philippine Revolution and became a combat general; after the Revolution, he retired to his farm in Los Banos, where he lived as a gentlemen farmer and died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor aged 79. He had two children by his mistress (Severina Decena) a boy and a girl. 3. Narcisa(1852-1939) her pet name was Sisa and she married Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of Morong. 4. Olympia(1855-1887) Ypia was her pet name; she married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila. 5. Lucia(1857-1919) She married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas. Herbosa died of cholera on 1889 and was denied Christian burial because he was a brother-in-law of Dr. Rizal. 6. Maria(1859-1945) Biang was her nickname; she married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Binan, Laguna. 7. JOSE(1861-1896) the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius; his nickname was Pepe; during his exile in Dapitan he lived with Josephine Bracken, Irish girl from Hong Kong; he had a son by her, but this baby-boy died a few hours after birth; Rizal named him Francisco after his father and buried him in Dapitan. 8. Concepcion(1862-1865) her pet name was Concha; she died of sickness at the age of 3; her death was Rizals first sorrow in life. 9. Josefa(1865-1945) her pet name was Panggoy; she died an old maid at the age of 80. 10. Trinidad(1868-1951) Trining was her pet name; she also died an old maid in 1951 aged 83. 1. Soledad(1870-1929) youngest of the Rizal children; her pet name was Choleng; she married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba. Rizals Ancestry As a typical Filipino, Rizal was a product of the mixture of races. In his veins flowed the blood of both East and West Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish. Predominantly, he was a Malayan and was a magnifi cent specimen of Asian manhood. Rizals great-great grandfather on his fathers side was Domingo Lamco, a Chinese immigrant from the Fukein city of Changchow, who arrived in Manila about 1690. He became a Christian, married a well-to-do Chinese Christian girl of Manila named Ines de la Rosa, and assumed in 1731 the surname Mercado which was appropriate for him because he was a merchant. The Spanish term mercado means market in English. Domingo Mercado and Ines de la Risa had son, Francisco Mercado, who resided in Binan, married a Chinese-Filipino mestiza, Cirila Bernacha, and was elected gobernadorcillo (municipal mayor) of the town. One of their sons, Juan Mercado(Rizals grandfather), married Cirila Alejandro, a Chinese-Filipino mestiza. Like his father, he was elected governadorcillo of Binan. Capitan Juan and Capitana Cirila had thirteen children, the youngest being Francisco Mercado, Rizals father. The Surname Rizal The surname of the Rizal family was Mercado, which was adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco, who was a full blooded Chinese. Rizals family acquired a second surname Rizal which was given by the Spanish alcalde mayor of Laguna, who was a family friend. The Rizal Home The house of the Rizal family, where the hero was born, was one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during Spanish times. It was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hard-woods, and roofed with red tiles. A Good and Middle-Class Family The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. It was one of the distinguished families in Calamba. By dint of honest and hard work and frugal living, Rizals parents were able to live well. From the farms, which were rented from the Dominican Order, they harvested rice, corn, and sugarcane. They raised pigs, chickens, and turkeys in their backyard. In addition to farming and stock raising, Dona Teodora managed a general goods store and operated a small flour-mill and a home-made ham press. Home Life of the Rizal The Rizal family had a simple, contented, and happy life. In consonance with Filipino custom, family ties among the Rizal’s were intimately close. Don Francisco and Dona Teodora loved their children, but they never spoiled them. They were strict parents and they trained their children to love God, to behave well, to be obedient, and to respect people, especially the old folks. Whenever the children, including Jose Rizal, got into mischief, they were given a sound spanking. Evidently, they believed in the maxim: â€Å"Spare the rod and spoil the child. † Advent of a National Hero free essay sample Dr. Jose Rizal is a unique example of a many-splendored genius who became the greatest hero of a nation. Endowed by God with versatile gifts, he truly ranked with the worlds geniuses. He was a physician(opthalmic surgeon), poet, dramatist, essayist, novelist, historian, architect, painter, sculptor, educator, linguist, musician, naturalist, ethnologist, surveyor, engineer, farmer, businessman, economist, geographer, cartographer, bibliophile, philologist, grammarian, folklorist, philosopher, translator, inventor, magician, humorist, satirist, polemicist, sportsman, traveler, and prophet. Above and beyond all these he was a hero and political martyr who consecrated his life for the redemption of his oppressed people. No wonder, he is now acclaimed as the national hero of the Philippines. II. Summary The Birth of a Hero Jose Rizal was born on the moonlit night of Wednesday, June 19, 1861, in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna Province, Philippines. His mother almost died during the delivery because of his big head. He was baptized in the Catholic church of his town on June 22, aged three days old, by the parish priest, Father Rufino Collantes, who was a Batangueno. We will write a custom essay sample on Advent of a National Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His godfather was Father Pedro Casanas, native of Calamba and close friend of Rizal family. His name Jose was chosen by his mother who was devotee of the Christian saint San Jose (St. Joseph). Rizals Parents Jose Rizal was the seventh of the eleven children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso Realonda. The heros father, Francisco (1818-1898) was born in Binan, Laguna, on May 11, 1818. He studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila. In early manhood, following his parents death, he moved to Calamba and became tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda. He was a hardy and independent-minded man, who talked less and worked more, and was strong in body and valiant in spirit. He died in Manila on January 5, 1898, at the age of 80. In his students memoirs, Rizal affectionately called him a model of fathers. Dona Teodora(1826-1911), the heros mother, was born in Manila on November 8, 1826 and was educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known college for girls in the city. She was a remarkable woman, possessing refined culture, literary talent, business ability, and the fortitude of Spartan Woman. Dona Teodora died in Manila on August 16, 1911, at the age of 85. The Rizal Children God blessed the marriage of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso Realonda with eleven children two boys and nine girls. These children were as follows: 1. Saturnina(1850-1913) oldest of the Rizal children, nicknamed: Neneng; she married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas. 2. Paciano(1851-1930) older brother and confident of Jose Rizal; after his younger brothers execution, he joined the Philippine Revolution and became a combat general; after the Revolution, he retired to his farm in Los Banos, where he lived as a gentlemen farmer and died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor aged 79. He had two children by his mistress (Severina Decena) a boy and a girl. 3. Narcisa(1852-1939) her pet name was Sisa and she married Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of Morong. 4. Olympia(1855-1887) Ypia was her pet name; she married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila. 5. Lucia(1857-1919) She married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas. Herbosa died of cholera on 1889 and was denied Christian burial because he was a brother-in-law of Dr. Rizal. 6. Maria(1859-1945) Biang was her nickname; she married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Binan, Laguna. 7. JOSE(1861-1896) the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius; his nickname was Pepe; during his exile in Dapitan he lived with Josephine Bracken, Irish girl from Hong Kong; he had a son by her, but this baby-boy died a few hours after birth; Rizal named him Francisco after his father and buried him in Dapitan. 8. Concepcion(1862-1865) her pet name was Concha; she died of sickness at the age of 3; her death was Rizals first sorrow in life. 9. Josefa(1865-1945) her pet name was Panggoy; she died an old maid at the age of 80. 10. Trinidad(1868-1951) Trining was her pet name; she also died an old maid in 1951 aged 83. 1. Soledad(1870-1929) youngest of the Rizal children; her pet name was Choleng; she married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba. Rizals Ancestry As a typical Filipino, Rizal was a product of the mixture of races. In his veins flowed the blood of both East and West Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish. Predominantly, he was a Malayan and was a magnifi cent specimen of Asian manhood. Rizals great-great grandfather on his fathers side was Domingo Lamco, a Chinese immigrant from the Fukein city of Changchow, who arrived in Manila about 1690. He became a Christian, married a well-to-do Chinese Christian girl of Manila named Ines de la Rosa, and assumed in 1731 the surname Mercado which was appropriate for him because he was a merchant. The Spanish term mercado means market in English. Domingo Mercado and Ines de la Risa had son, Francisco Mercado, who resided in Binan, married a Chinese-Filipino mestiza, Cirila Bernacha, and was elected gobernadorcillo (municipal mayor) of the town. One of their sons, Juan Mercado(Rizals grandfather), married Cirila Alejandro, a Chinese-Filipino mestiza. Like his father, he was elected governadorcillo of Binan. Capitan Juan and Capitana Cirila had thirteen children, the youngest being Francisco Mercado, Rizals father. The Surname Rizal The surname of the Rizal family was Mercado, which was adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco, who was a full blooded Chinese. Rizals family acquired a second surname Rizal which was given by the Spanish alcalde mayor of Laguna, who was a family friend. The Rizal Home The house of the Rizal family, where the hero was born, was one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during Spanish times. It was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hard-woods, and roofed with red tiles. A Good and Middle-Class Family The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. It was one of the distinguished families in Calamba. By dint of honest and hard work and frugal living, Rizals parents were able to live well. From the farms, which were rented from the Dominican Order, they harvested rice, corn, and sugarcane. They raised pigs, chickens, and turkeys in their backyard. In addition to farming and stock raising, Dona Teodora managed a general goods store and operated a small flour-mill and a home-made ham press. Home Life of the Rizal The Rizal family had a simple, contented, and happy life. In consonance with Filipino custom, family ties among the Rizal’s were intimately close. Don Francisco and Dona Teodora loved their children, but they never spoiled them. They were strict parents and they trained their children to love God, to behave well, to be obedient, and to respect people, especially the old folks. Whenever the children, including Jose Rizal, got into mischief, they were given a sound spanking. Evidently, they believed in the maxim: â€Å"Spare the rod and spoil the child. †

A Clockwork Orange - review essays

A Clockwork Orange - review essays Whats it going to be then, eh? the opening line of Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, being the adventures of a young man whose principal interests are rape, ultra-violence and Beethoven. In the story, we are introduced to young Alex and his droogs, who like nothing more than lashings of the old ultraviolence. It is Alex who commits their first murder, and after being betrayed for droog-related political reasons, is sent to jail. Through a new controversial rehabilitation treatment, designed to curb violence and sexual behaviour, the state uses our unlikely hero as their guinea pig. The experiment is a success (I use this word loosely), Alex begins to feel physically repulsed by violence of any sort, and as a side effect, also to Beethoven. He will not commit crime, but he has also deprived of the capacity to chose not to. This leads us to the central point of the novel, concerned with free will: Do we lose our humanity if we are deprived the choice between good and evil? Burgess skilfully introduces us to his futuristic slang, or nadsat, making A Clockwork Orange valuable not only for the questions it raises, but also for its creative and experimental use of the English language in which we see hints of Russian. This is no fluke. What perhaps makes the novel so good is that each word Burgess uses has been chosen intentionally. Stanley Kubricks film version is cannot be left unmentioned, it is, in fact, a masterpiece. Being very faithful to the text, its violent scenes still shock us 30 years on. But perhaps the most interesting thing about the film is that its ending is different to that of the book: chapter 21 is left out. I would agree with many critics in saying that this changes the whole mood of the story. In the book we see Alexs character maturing, putting his old self behind him by choice, while the film shows Alex regressing to his former self. This has...

The Derivation of Public Law and Government Levels of Preemption Assignment

The Derivation of Public Law and Government Levels of Preemption - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that the law dictates that public health personnel play the role of promoting and protecting the health as well as protection of the individual's rights in the process of protecting the health. This law is very crucial in creating a boundary between those who seek help from public health workers, since others may abuse their rights towards caring for patients or those in need. For this reason, the public health workers must ensure that they observe ethical values of the population they are serving in a manner that protects their rights. Similarly, they must help the population they serve by promoting and protecting their health since this is the course they undertook. Serving the population is their primary duty, to ensure that the people have a good health, and are free from any illness that might interfere with their well-being. Hence, the rules were derived following the mandate was given to the public health workers in serving the population and promoting t heir well-being. Civil liberties are rights that individuals enjoy and are inevitable under any circumstance. For this reason, public health care laws cannot interfere with them but instead should protect them by giving the necessities required to promote life. One of the civil liberties people enjoy is the right to life, and no public health care law can deny any individual of the right. Because of such civil liberties, public health care laws must work at protecting them since they are above board. The government plays an essential role in controlling and promoting the provision of health care throughout the states. Their role is important because it regulates the health sector as well as the conducts of the different players in the market, such as health professionals. In many cases, the government sets a standard under which all the practices have to align and adhere to. Because of this attempt, governments pre-empt competitiors in some circumstance and become the only player in the market or in healthcare for that matter. This happens because of the supervisory role of the government in the lower level agencies or hospitals with the aim of maintaining order and productivity. Similarly, the pre-emption of the government has made it possible for lower level hospitals or agencies to act within their capacity, making them leave other services for higher agencies or government.

What are the ultimate principles of morals for both Hume and Kant Essay

What are the ultimate principles of morals for both Hume and Kant - Essay Example He goes on to observe that only good will is good sans qualification. Good will is always good in itself and not just for the things that it produces. Will is good if will comes from duty, as well as other moral motives, which do not simply conform to duty. For instance, grocers who give the right change because of fairness, rather than from the fear of being caught, do so from good will. The reasoning goal is not in producing happiness but rather producing will that can be seen to be good in it. The satisfaction of man’s desires, which is happiness, is not determinate enough to use as a workable guide. Good will cannot act as the complete and sole good, although it is the worthy condition of being happy and the highest good. Complete good can only be goodwill combined with happiness. Rationality possesses its own laws of objectiveness. Because man is rational only partially, he experiences the various laws as constraints and imperatives that he is required to follow. These im peratives are grounded on the premise that is valid for all rational beings as such. These imperatives, according to Kant, could be hypothetical, i.e. if one wants to get to end E, then he should do A, or categorical, which is he ought to perform A. Ethics that are based on imperatives that are hypothetical are heteronymous because they involve following laws set by another. Categorical imperatives are hard to understand, although their content is clear. The basic imperative of category states that man acts on principle and these principles can be willed on everybody (Laursen 21). Ethics and morals are autonomous if they are based on categorical imperatives because man follows their own laws. Kant’s supreme moral principle is the universal law formula, which contends that man should act on a maxim that they follow to be used as a universal law (Laursen 23). Kant continues by applying his formula to two duties that are perfect and exception-less. These are not making promises with deceit and not committing suicide, as well as two imperfect duties, which to help those who have needs and development of one’s talents. These ideas can be expressed more loosely in two ways. Firstly, it is to treat all humanity, both you and others, not as a means only, but also as an end in itself (Laursen 23). Secondly, man should act as if one’s action maxim would be turned into nature’s universal law. Kant also connects freedom with morality. According to him, to be free means to follow one’s own principles of rationality rather than following our desires only. This means that one should follow their own legislation and act on maxims that they would follow, rather than the universal laws (Laursen 24). Therefore, freedom is morality. So morality and freedom, ultimately, are the same mystery. It is not possible to explain what free will is. It is only possible to assume what it is and reject all objections against it. Man knows that he/she is free through knowledge of his/her duties. Since probably an individual could have acted in a different way, then one is free. In order for man to recognize himself as free, he needs to see himself as being a member to two worlds. These worlds are a higher intelligible world and a sensible world. Acting in a moral way, therefore, has a supreme moral worth since through it, one participates in an existence of a higher order. This can be perceived as the foundation of human dignity as an end to itself (Laursen 24). Hume, on the other hand, contends that reason and moral sense combine to make our moral judgments. He says that moral sense is essential in making a distinction between virtue and vice,

Wolves Communication Pack

Wolves Communication Pack COMMUNICATION AMONG WOLVES ABSTRACT Just like any other animal wolves communicate with each other, with most of its communication being between pack members. Wolves use three differing types of communication; 1) Vocalizations; Wolves are frequently heard at night because it is when they are most active. Wolves howl for many reasons, particularly to locate other members of the pack and to warn outside wolves to stay away from an occupied area. 2) Scent marking; Wolves possess a very keen sense of smell (about 100xs greater than humans). Wolves use this ability along with the others to communicate with other wolves. Scents are used to mark pack territories or lone wolf territories. These territories are marked most often by urination and defecation on or around trees and other objects. In addition to these two means of scent marking wolves also scent mark by scratching and scent rolling. And the last method of communication 3) Body postures; Wolves also use body language to communicate, whether it is to others in the pac k or outside of the pack. Some postures are used to show affection, some fear or humiliation, others happiness and even others can emanate respect between pack members. All are important and used by wolves on a daily basis, whether it be to warn off competing packs, communicate a fresh kill or to portray dominance. INTRODUCTION One of the things that distinguish different members of the family Canidae is the differential development of social behaviour. Among the close relatives of the domestic dog, the most highly social species is the wolf. Wolves belong to a family group often referred to as a pack. This social structure was originally thought to allow the wolf, a social predator, to take prey many times its size, however new theories are emerging suggesting that the pack strategy instead maximizes reproductive success and has less to do with hunting. They live, travel and hunt in these packs which consists of anywhere from four to fifteen members (pack sizes are subject to change overtime and are controlled by such things as food supply, individual personalities and habitat type). The rare exception is the lone wolf, this wolf will most likely be the omega wolf, the lowest ranked member of the pack, and if it is lucky will find a mate and start a new pack. Wolf packs have a very elaborate hierarchy, one in which is topped by the alpha male and female, followed by their pups, often several sub-adults from the previous years litter and sometimes some older siblings as well. When pack sizes are large (usually more then 8 members) it is possible to witness two differing hierarchies in one pack, one in which is the females being led by the alpha female and the other the males being led by the alpha male. The alpha pair share the most social freedom among all pack members, they are very influential and simply have the most freedom in where to go, what to do and when to do it, with the rest of the pack usually following. The alpha male and female therefore usually direct the pack in hunting and tracking prey, choosing den sites and establishing and maintaining the packs territory. Rank order is ascertained and sustained through a series of ritualized fights and posturing best expressed as ritual bluffing. Wolves prefer physiological warfare to physical confrontations, meaning that the hi gher ranking status is based more on personality or attitude rather than on size or physical strength. Rank order may be lost rather suddenly or gradually. An older wolf may simply choose to give way to a motivated challenger, yielding its position without bloodshed. On the other hand the challenged individual may opt to fight back with varying degrees of passion. Wolves communicate using three main strategies; 1) vocalizations- howls and growls; 2) facial expressions and body postures and; 3) scent marking. Howling alone can have a variety of meanings; a greeting, a rallying call to gather the pack to get ready for a hunt, an advertisement of their presence to warn other wolves away from their territory or spontaneous expression of play and bonding. The howl of a wolf can be heard up to six miles away making it the most useful means of communication given that wolves range over large distances while hunting and traveling. Wolves engage in a variety of displays of dominance, and submission that helps reinforce the hierarchy in packs. Wolves use their entire bodies; expressions of the eyes and mouth, the position of the ears, tail, head and overall position of the body are used to convey excitement, anxiety, aggression or compliance. Wolves also wrestle, rub cheeks and noses and nip and lick one another. They leave behind messages for themselve s as well as other pack members by means of urination, defecating or scratching the ground to leave scent marks. These marks can set the boundaries of territories, record trails, warn off other wolves or help lone wolves find unoccupied territories. In a similar fashion wolves will roll around in items with a strong scent such as carrion as a way of letting other pack members know where they have been or what it has encountered. In the end it can be said that the â€Å"habits of the wolves require members of a social unit to be visually separated at times so that these olfactory and auditory means of communication are possible† ( Berge, 1967). VOCALIZATIONS â€Å"The wolf is a wide ranging social carnivore with a complex spatial organization for which acoustic communication plays an important role† (Palacios et al. 2006). There are four kinds of vocalizations that are popular among wolves, they include; the growl, the whimper, the bark and the more associated sound of the wolf, the howl. Any one of these or a combination of these allows the wolves to communicate with one another. The bark can be used over long distances and can take on the roll of sounding an alarm or presenting a challenge. The alarm bark is most often used when a wolf is caught off guard and surprised at the opening of its den, and a challenge bark is a warning for a wolf to back off when two wolves are encountering a â€Å"face off† (a fight). The growl has similar meanings to the bark however it is used in shorter distance communication. It is used to keep other wolves away, to reinforce dominance and, it can also be used at short range to challenge. T he whimper is used at short ranges as well and portrays a sociable stance (often used by young to receive care). The howl, the most well known form of communication among wolves, seems to have many complex functions and will be looked at in greater detail compared to the other three types of communication listed above. Howls allow wolves to communicate over several kilometers. Howls have been described as long harmonic sounds with a fundamental frequency from 150Hz- 1000Hz for adults. There have been two types of vocalizations involving howls that have been recorded; 1) Solo howls and 2) Chorus howls. Solo howls, also referred to as a lonesome howl is emitted by a sole individual. In the study down by Berge many years ago unique features were found to exist in individual howls. Harmonic characteristics were found that would distinguish individuals on the basis of any one howl. Therefore the variation in structure likely indicates who is howling and the frequency modulations, predominantly the change in pitch makes the howls much easier to locate. The ability of a wolf to detect these very subtle changes in sounds indicates that a response to this information is possible (view figure 3). As with any form of behaviour there is a cost/benefit to this action. The lone wolf is just that, it is alone, an d when producing sound its pack mates are not the only ones who pick up the vocalization, thus this behaviour could turn out to be detrimental. However with any cost comes with it benefits, a lone wolfs howl can help one locate the other members of its pack proving to be advantageous. A chorus howl on the other hand has been described as a vocalization in which one wolf begins howling, with the other members joining in subsequently until the whole pack is howling together. Rather than using howls with a single pure tone, wolves use modulated tones. With the rapid changes in pitch it makes it very difficult to follow only one individuals howl, and to add to it the surrounding environment helps reflect the sound and scatter it making it extremely challenging for a competitor pack to distinguish where the pack is and how many members the pack consists of. The heart of a wolfs universe is its pack and howling could be the adhesive that keeps it together, suggesting that howling may reinforce the social bonds between pack members as well as keeping the pack safe. In view of the fact that wolves are separated great distances during a hunt, it is not unlikely that howling keeps the pack as one physically. Of all their calls howling is the only one that works immensely over great distances. Its long duration and low pitch are what make it suitable for long range communication through the forest and in tundra areas. Its unique features are what allow a wolf to convey its identity and each wolf can be identified by its pack just by means of its howl. SCENT MARKING While howling may provide much information about a wolfs whereabouts elaborate spatial patterns of scent marks provide precise information about inhabited territory. A territory is a â€Å"space within which an animal is aggressive to and usually dominate over certain intruders† (White et al, 1996). It is a silent way of steering clear of violence that would otherwise be required to preserve a territory. Scent marking can also provide a silent exchange between animals that share territories and can also help an individual keep its point of reference when traveling. When Roger Peters and David Mech conducted studies on a variety of wolf packs in the Superior National Forest of northern Minnesota they found that wolves scent mark using four differing methods. The first method is by means of raised leg urination. â€Å"This form of scent marking is closely connected with territorial marking and maintenance† (Macdonald et al. 1998). These markings are made throughout the te rritory and heighten in concentration at the limits of the territories. The alpha male and alpha female are the primary users of raised leg urination (more often it is the alpha male) with only few instances where it will be used by other wolves. The second mode of marking is squat urination. This mode of urination is the ordinary form of urinating, and is performed by the lower ranking individuals in the pack. This method of scent marking supplies them with information about which fraction of the territory has been hunted during times of separation. Scratching, and or scent rolling the third strategy to scent marking involves a wolf that may rub its lips and neck against a tree or on the ground or scrape the ground with their paws (normally after urination) to mark out their territory. Scraping, usually with the hind legs and sometimes also done with the front is predominantly performed by the dominant individuals, the alphas (can be done by mid ranking individuals depending on th e circumstances). Wolves have scent glands between their toes which release odours/ a characteristic scent. The wolf has several specialized glands, located all over the wolfs body that function as a chemical and a visual message for other wolves. There is one located near its anus (anal gland), another on its back, one at the tip of its tail (precaudal gland), in its eyes, behind its ears, on its cheek near the corner of the wolves mouth and between their toes (as mentioned above). The aroma from these glands is as individualistic as our own fingerprints. Each scent is specific to an individual each with its own meaning. Scats also referred to as defecation is then the fourth means of marking. Again this form of marking is very similar to that of urination and serves many of the same purposes. However here it acts as a more visual warning. Here again the anal scent gland becomes important. It produces a pungent oily pheromone that is excreted during bowel movements, thus scenting t he wolfs scat with his/her own odour. The exact purpose of this means of scenting is unknown however it could very well be that these anal scent glands play an imperative role in wolves of higher ranking for it has been observed that when higher ranking individuals meet they sniff under the tail, this action is not performed by submissive wolves (lower ranking wolves). (Refer to figure 1 and table 1) â€Å"Olfactory communication is defined as the process whereby a chemical signal is generated by a presumptive sender and transmitted to a presumptive receiver who by means of adequate receptors can identify, integrate and respond to the signal† ( Kleiman, 1972). Scent plays a exceedingly imperative role in the life of a wolf, by smell alone wolves can locate prey, other pack members or enemies. It can tell them if other wolves were in their territory, if they were male or female and how recently they were there. Therefore marking can be used for non-territorial purposes as well. It can also be used to identify individuals, lay claims to a kill, for navigational purposes during those long ranging hunts and can also be used as a indication for sexual receptivity during mating season ( suggested that this is the purpose of sniffing under the tail upon greeting). BODY POSTURES Wolves convey their emotions through body language. Here they can â€Å"communicate visually a number of expressions and moods that range from subtler signals to more obvious ones† (Berg, 2003). The following are observed behaviours. Wolves display dominance by standing tall and stiffed leg. The ears are erect and forward and the tail is held vertically and curled toward its back. This demonstration declares the wolfs rank to the rest of the pack. Submission can take the form of either active submission or passive submission depending on the circumstances. In active submission the wolf lowers its entire body toward the ground and the lips and ears are drawn back, in essence the teeth are bared. The tail is down and either half way or completely between its legs (depends on level of submission) with their muzzle (refer to figure 2) pointing up toward the more dominant individual. The back will be arched and again depending on the level of submission the back may be arched more or less. During passive submission, a more intense form compared to active submission the wolf will roll over onto its back and render its susceptible throat and underside, with the paws being drawn into the body. If a wolf is displaying anger its ears will be erect and its fur may bristle. Here the teeth are bared and it is usually accompanied by a snarl or growl. When a wolf is fearful it tends to make itself look small and less conspicuous. The ears flatten and again the tail is tucked between the legs. If a wolf senses danger suspicion will arise. This is displayed by the pulling back of the ears and the narrowing of the eyes. The tail will be parallel to the ground and pointing straight out. A playful wolf will hold its tail high and wag it. The wolf may frolic and dance around, or bow by placing the front of its body down to the ground all the while holding its rear in the air. (Table 2 summarizes body postures) CONCLUSIONS Wolves are multifaceted social animals whereby communication signals are used for a variety of purposes. In order to function as a group communication among individuals in a pack is crucial. Communication is used for recognition, reproduction, social status, alarm, foraging and group spacing also referred to as territoriality. â€Å"The wolf is a wide ranging social carnivore with a complex spatial organization for which acoustic communication plays an important role† (Palacios et al. 2006). There are four kinds of vocalizations that are popular among wolves, they include; the growl, the whimper, the bark and the more associated sound of the wolf, the howl. Any one of these or a combination of these allows the wolves to communicate with one another. While howling may provide much information about a wolfs whereabouts elaborate spatial patterns of scent marks provide precise information about inhabited territory. Scent plays a very important role in the life of a wolf, by smell alone wolves can locate prey, other pack members or enemies. It can tell them if other wolves were in their territory, if they were male or female and how recently they were there. Therefore marking can be used for non-territorial purposes as well. It can also be used to identify individuals, lay claims to a kill, for navigational purposes during those long ranging hunts and can also be used as an indication for sexual receptivity during mating season. Wolves communicate at close range their emotions through body posture, tail positions and facial expressions. Here they can â€Å"communicate visually a number of expressions and moods that range from subtler signals to more obvious ones† (Berg, 2003). All forms of communication are important and used by wolves on a daily basis to ensure that they stay in touch with the rest of the pack. FIGURES (Figure 1 and table 1- Macdonald et al., 1998) Figure 1: Table 1: Table 2: Body Language Chart: Submission: Play: Aggression: Dominate Postures: (Alpha(s)/ Beta(s))  · Ears back against skull  · Lowered Body  · Whining  · Tail lowered/tucked  · No eye contact  · Prancing around  · Upper body lowered in play bow  · Barking playfully  · Yipping  · Ears forward alert  · Ears flat to the side  · Upper lip curled bearing teeth  · Tail lowered aggressively  · Shoulders up (posing more dominate)  · Hackles raised  · Growling  · Tail held high  · Chest held outwards  · Head held high  · Ears locked forward  · Always alert  · Demeanour always regale http://www.wolfspirits.org/aboutwolves.htm Figure 2: http://www.wolfdancer.org/communication/ Figure 3 Wolf howl sonogram REFERENCES Evaluation of a Simulated Howling Survey for Wolves Todd K. Fuller; Barry A. Sampson The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 52, No. 1. (Jan., 1988), pp. 60-63. Scent-marking in wolves. Peters RP and Mech LD Am Sci. 1975 Nov-Dec;63(6):628-37. A Model for Wolf Pack Territory Formation and Maintenance K.A.J WHITE, M.A LEWIS AND J.D MURRAY Journal of Theoretical Biology Volume: 178 Issue: 1, pp.29-43, 2006 Analysis of a model for wolf territories M. A. Lewis, K. A. J. White, J. D. Murray Journal of Mathematical Biology, Volume: 35 Issue: 1 pp. 749-774, 1997 5. Olfactory Communication in Mammals J F Eisenberg, and D G Kleiman Annual Review of Ecology and SystematicsVol. 3: 1-32 (Volume publication date November 1972) Scent-marking and territorial behaviour of Ethiopian wolves Canis simensis Claudio Sillero-Zubiri and David W. Macdonald Journal of Zoology Volume 245 Issue 3 Page 351-361, July 1998 Howling as a means of communication among timber wolves Theberge, John American Zoologist, 7:331-338, 1967 Fred H. Harrington. Whats in a Howl? Mount Saint Vincent University, Nova Scotia http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/wolves/howl.html Berg, Karyln. Communication, 2003. Retrieved on Nov. 19/07 http://www.wolfdancer.org/communication/ 10. Author unknown. The Wolf Spirits Pack, 2001. Retrieved on Nov. 19/07 http://www.wolfspirits.org/aboutwolves.htm

The Negative Impact of Exposing Children to Media Violence Essay

The Negative Impact of Exposing Children to Media Violence On April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School, 13 people were killed and another 23 were wounded in one of the worst school killing incidents ever (Skeesis). Since the 1980's, overall homicide rates in the U.S. have declined. However, homicide rates for ages 14-17 have increased quite dramatically during this time period (Fox). Among other numerous potential causes, violence in the media may play a role in this increase in youth violence. Today, there is much controversy over the potential harmful effects of media violence on childrenà ­s lives. I believe that exposure of children to media violence is harmful. For the purposes of this paper, I will limit the definition of (mass) media to television, and, subsequently, violent (mass) media to television programs that contain violent acts. By children, I will be referring to people of age 18 and below who live in the U.S., since this group is the focus of the majority of the research data that I have used. I will begin my argument by acknowledging a counter argument to my position. I will then go on to discuss the negative effects of television on children. These effects include an increase in aggressive tendencies and an instilling of the idea that violence will go unpunished. Also included are the concepts of desensitization and stimulus addiction. Finally, I will discuss some potential solutions to the problem of television violence affecting our children. Granted, people are correct in saying that television violence has been around for decades. In fact, public violence has been around for centuries. In ancient times, many cultures made gruesome public executions or sacrifices. During the Middle Ages, entire villag... ...per impact than you realize. And what respectable parents would want their child to end up reenacting a scene from HBOà ­s Oz on his or her classmates? Works Cited American Psychiatric Association. "Psychiatric Effects of Media Violence." http://www.psych.org/psych/htdocs/public_info/media_violence.html (17 Oct. 2000). Berkebile, Nicole, Julie Newman, and Susan Parker. "The Effects of Television on a Childà ­s Development." 1995. http://www.richmond.edu/~psych/tvmain.html (17 Oct. 2000). Fox, James A. "Trends in Juvenile Violence: 1997 Update." 1997. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/tjv97up.pdf (17 Oct. 2000). Skeesis. "The Tragedy at Columbine High." 17 May 1999. http://www.angelfire.com/tx2/coroner/columbin.html (17 Oct. 2000). "Video Game Violence." Feb. 2000. http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/champaign/connections/0002-family4.html (17 Oct. 2000).

The Agony and the Ecstasy

The Agony and the Ecstasy The past is always forgotten, left alone in the dark, a reminiscence among hundreds, until it finally erodes from living memory†¦But before it vanishes, the past always fights back, in an effort to reclaim its throne. In 15th century Europe, the Church and its preachings of the past were swept away in a tide of change; the clash of these two ideas is shown in The Agony and the Ecstasy. Throughout the movie, Pope Julius II illustrates the values of the Middle Ages through his speech and actions, both of which reflect the ideologies of that time period.The twin values of obedience and punishment lie at the core of the Middle Ages, entwined and inseparable; both are exemplified in Pope Julius II’s actions and words. The Pope demonstrates the concept of obedience, treasured so deeply by the Church, through his actions following the noncompliance of subjects. One example of this is the Pope’s reaction to Michelangelo’s blasphemous sonnet ; he immediately rebukes him for his lapse in deference.The Pope’s demand of complete and utter submission to the Church demonstrate the emphasis on unquestioned obedience to the Pope (and likewise to the Church). Another instance is the Pope’s encounter with the French ambassador; the Pope angrily tells him that he will stand no interference from the French king in Church matters. The Pope’s harsh reprimand once again points to the importance of undisputed conformity to the Church’s words; it was a vital segment of their society .The Middle Ages was a time of fear and uncertainty, of conflict in discord; the Church was the backbone of Middle Ages’ society, and kept daily life running as smoothly as possible—but was successful only because the people obeyed. Without obedience, their lives would have come to sudden and abrupt halt. As a Greek playwright put it, â€Å"Obedience is the mother of success and is wedded to safety†. The Chur ch thought the same way, and for all the right reasons—it just held on to these beliefs too long. An equally important value Pope Julius II exhibits is that of punishment, often a result of disobedience, mostly in his speech.An illustration of this value is shown in the same encounter previously mentioned with the French ambassador; the Pope, angry at the French king’s hypocrisy and lack of respect for the Church, thundered, â€Å"Let him learn that I too carry a stick. Let him learn that I am the Pope! † Through his angry threat to the king, the Pope reveals to the ambassador and the viewer that he is not afraid to use force to establish his authority as pope. Furthermore, the Pope, when he hears that Michelangelo has disappeared, he is outraged, and maintains his ground: â€Å"He will paint it or he will hang! the Pope exclaims. Through his threats to Michelangelo, the Pope reinforces the Middle Ages’ belief in the power of punishment; a disorderly soc iety such as theirs could not have existed very long without some form of law and order. The Church used punishments to enforce discipline in an uncertain world; It was the only method that prevented the spread of immorality. Even a highly-acclaimed Renaissance man agreed with the concept, reasoning, â€Å"He who does not punish evil commands it to be done. †

The Problems With Paying College Players - 1295 Words

Colleges are infamous for pouring millions upon millions of dollars into their sports programs, except of course, when it comes to paying athletes. Because college athletes are not allowed to be paid in accordance to federal law while they simultaneously create large sums of revenue, there has been a heated debate that Kristi Dosh and Mark Cassell readily provide contrasting evidence for. In Dosh’s article, â€Å"The Problems with Paying College Players,† she argues that it would not be fair to pay college players because many college sports programs are already indebted to their school, and if some schools couldn’t afford to pay their players, the well-funded schools would be at an unprecedented advantage. To contrast, Cassell’s â€Å"College Athletes Should be Able to Negotiate Compensation,† takes the viewpoint defending college athletes’ pay because the athletes that bring in the most revenue, the star players, are cheated out of compensa tion in a way that unrightfully benefits those in charge. Although Dosh makes clear points about problems with the financial realities of paying players, Cassell makes the more convincing argument because he uses effective evidence to highlight the injustices of not paying athletes. After attending a conference at which a very intellectual attorney contradicted himself over the issue of whether or not college athletes should or should not be paid, Dosh asks â€Å"where is the money going to come from?† Then, argues that if you let athletes get paid forShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Be Paid?1499 Words   |  6 Pages If college athletes are to be paid, it will cause unfair compensation between players who are valued or played more than others. When student athletes are rewarded with a scholarship, they have nothing school related that they would need to pay for. This can lead them to blow all of their income on unnecessary or dangerous things such as drugs and alcohol which could get them removed from the team they are on. Paying college athletes is an unnecessary action that would lead to many problems in schoolsRead MoreShould We Pay College Athletes798 Words   |  4 PagesShould We Pay College Athletes? Should we pay college athletes? That is a big topic in NCAA sports right now. People think that college athletes work hard and that they deserve to get paid. Michael Wilbon is one of these people. At first he was against paying college athletes, but now he is all for it. He says that he is interested in seeing the people that make revenue share a little piece of it. Then you have people like a reporter from the Daily Evergreen. He is against paying the athletes.Read MoreThe Ncaa And Cbs Signed A 10.8 Billion Television Agreement Over 14 Years1371 Words   |  6 Pagesyears. Over the last few years, former college athletes have been arguing with the NCAA about players getting paid. The reason they are arguing is because, the NCAA is a multibillion dollar business. For seventeen years the NCAA was using players’ likenesses in the NCAA Football video game series. For the schools that have players who become popular. An athletic scholarship doesn’t cover all of a player’s costs. Studies have shown that, â€Å"on average, a college athlete’s scholarship leaves them aboutRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1082 Words   |  5 PagesImagine, if you were in college, and a football player, spending all your time and energy playing football and you are being paid. You work your way up to the NFL tryouts and haven’t been picked . Wouldn’t you be devastated. Now you have nothing else to do. You should’ve focused on something to lean back on in case this would have happened. The article I read was, ‘Should College Athletes be Paid?’. The topic was that people are considering paying college football players. But I don’t beleive thatRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1398 Words   |  6 PagesSome believe that college athletes at the highest performing schools are better treated than others. Although they do not get paid, they do receive some benefits for being athletes that other students would not get. One advantage for playing a sport is access to scholarships that some schools reserve for the ir athletes. Depending on the school and the athlete’s performance, money towards tuition is often given. Only some schools are willing to grant â€Å"full-ride† scholarships for certain athletes.Read MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1079 Words   |  5 PagesCollege sports has become extremely popular over the past few years. With the March Madness tournament held in March and the new College Football Playoff held in January, the NCAA has achieved a great deal of attention and high television ratings. Although colleges make tons of money off of their athletes, college athletes receive plenty of compensation. Paying student athletes would cross the line between professionalism and amateurism and would violate the essence of being a student athlete. StudentRead MoreThe Future Of The Ncaa1634 Words   |  7 PagesSeth M. Marshall Professor Kristen Bradley English 1010 9 November 2015 The Future of the NCAA College athletic programs are among the most popular sporting events in America. With this rise in popularity, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and its colleges have also seen a rise in revenue in recent years. In 2014, the NCAA made over 900 million dollars in revenue. Some collegiate coaches, such as Kentucky’s John Calipari, have yearly salaries in the millions, not counting incentivesRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Be Paid1471 Words   |  6 PagesCollege athletes should be paid. The athletes put in as much work as the people who do get paid. Why should they not be paid? There are many pros for why they should get paid, but there are also many cons on why they should not get paid. The athletes should get paid because of how hard they work in season and the off-season. Do not pay all of the athletes, but pay the ones who are at a D1 college. The athletes should get paid because they put in the same amount of time as the pros do, and the prosRead MoreE ssay on College Athlete: It ´s Time To Pay Them1722 Words   |  7 PagesPaying Them is The Answer In college sports athletes perform on the big stage in front of thousands of people every week and receive no money for their performances. These athletes receive no money for their performance because it is made illegal by the NCAA for any student athlete to receive any type of reward for their performance. In the last five years there has been a heated debate on whether the NCCA should start paying college athletes. People responded to this situation with mixed viewsRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid1404 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States, college athletics have been immensely popular since the early 1900’s. Ever since then, the three major sports -- football, basketball, and hockey-- have brought in major cash and popularity for colleges around the US. The revenue college sports bring in today is mind boggling. For example, in 2011 the Houston Sentinel found that the University of Texas’ Athletic Program was bringing in $120,288,370. The Longhorns were the the most profitable team in college sports that year;